A.

Mother’s Elder Sister

B. My Son’s Son
C. Daughter of my Mother’s Brother
D. Father of my Father
E. Son of my brother
 CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND
THE HOUSEHOLD
 KINSHIP

a social institution that refers to relations

formed between members of society.

sociologists define kinship as the different

forms of socially accepted relations
amongst people developed through blood or
consanguineal relationships, marriage or
affinal relationships, adoption, and other
culturally accepted rituals.
KINSHIP TERMINOLOGIES
 VOCATIVE- term used to address our relations
Ex. Kuya, dikong, sangko, ate, ditse, sanse,impo
o REFERENTIAL- used to give an exact relation to an

individual ex. Father, mother, brother

o CLASSIFICATORY- terms which fuse together a

number of relations under a single term ex.cousin

o DESCRIPTIVE- specific and exact relation of an

individual ex. Mother’s sister’s son/ daughter

o TEKNONYMY- addressing an adult as the parent of

one’s first child ex. Mother of Daniel Padilla

CLASSIFICATION OF KINSHIP
 PRIMARY- closely and directly related to one
another
 SECONDARY- defined in relation to our
primary kins ex. Father’s brother, sister’s
husband
 TERTIARY- secondary kins of our primary
kins ex. Brother of sister’s husband
TYPES OF KINSHIP
 Kinship by Blood

 Kinship by Marriage

 Kinship by Rituals
KINSHIP BY BLOOD

Consanguineal kinship
a kinship based on blood.
considered as the most basic and general form of
relations.
achieved by birth or blood affinity.
DESCENT
REFERS TO A BIOLOGICAL
RELATIONSHIP.
OFTEN REFERS TO AN INDIVIDUAL’S
CHILD OR OFFSPRING OR HIS/HER
PARENTS AND ANCESTRY.

LINEAGE
REFERS TO THE LINE WHERE ONE’S
DECENT IS TRACED.
PRINCIPLES OF DECENT

Kinship can be studied by analyzing the relationships

that exist between persons.

 Unilineal Descent Principle

 Bilateral Descent Principle
UNILINEAL DESCENT PRINCIPLE
USUALLY TRACED BY MOST SOCIETIES
THROUGH A SINGLE LINE OF ANCESTORS
FROM EITHER THE MALE AND FEMALE LINE.

Basic Forms:
 Patrilineal

 Matrilineal
PATRILINEAL FORM OF DESCENT
TRACED THROUGH THE MALE LINE.

Matrilineal form of descent

traced through the female line.
NONUNILINEAL OR COGNATIC DESCENT
TRACED THROUGH THE STUDY OF BOTH
PARENTS’ ANCESTORS.

COMMON FORM:
BILATERAL DESCENT
traced through both ancestral lines of the mother
and father.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE

Affinal Kinship
refers to the type of relations developed when
marriage occurs.

Marriage
an important social institution wherein two
persons, a man and a woman, enter into family
life.
ARTICLE 1 OF THE FAMILY CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES DEFINES MARRIAGE AS:
A special contract of permanent union between a
man and a woman entered into in accordance
with law for the establishment of conjugal and
family life. It is the foundation of the family and
an inviolable social institution whose nature,
consequences, and incidents are governed by law
and not subject to stipulation, except that
marriage settlements may fix the property
relations during the marriage within limits
provided by this Code.
MARRIAGE ACROSS CULTURES

Different societies have different sets of cultural

practices, norms, and rules pertaining to
marriage. Cultures across societies have
developed traditions, customs, rules, and norms
that determine how marriage will be done.
WHO ARE AUTHORIZED TO SOLEMNIZE MARRIAGES?

 Any incumbent member of the judiciary. ...

 Any priest, rabbi, imam, or minister of any
church or religious sect. ...
 Any ship captain or airplane chief. ...
 Any military commander of a unit to which a
chaplain is assigned. ...
 Any consul-general, consul or vice-consul. ...
 Any city or municipal mayor.
 ENDOGAMY AND EXOGAMY
Endogamy or compulsory marriage
practiced by a number of ethnic groups, religious
groups, and the aristocratic classes.
Exogamy or out marriage
refers to a marriage custom where an individual is
required by society’s norms and rules to marry
outside of their own group, community, or social
classes.
prevent incest or marriage within one’s own family
and clan.
MONOGAMY AND POLYGAMY
Monogamy
came from the Greek words monos and gamos
which literally mean “one union”.
refers to the marriage or sexual partnering custom
or practice where an individual has only one male
or female partner or mate.

Polygamy
refers to the practice of having more than one
partner or sexual mate.
Polygyny
refers to a man who has a multiple female
partners or mates.

Polyandry
refers to a woman who has a multiple male
partners or mates.
POSTMARITAL RESIDENCY RULES
SPECIFIES WHERE A COUPLE RESIDES AFTER
MARRIAGE.

Forms of Neolocal Rules of Residence:

 Patrilocal rule
 Matrilocal rule
 Biolocal rule
OCCURS WHEN MARRIED COUPLES STAY IN
THE HOUSE OF THE HUSBAND’S RELATIVES
OR NEAR THE HUSBAND’S KIN.

MATRILOCAL RULE
HAPPENS WHEN THE COUPLES LIVE WITH
THE WIFE’S RELATIVES OR NEAR THE WIFE’S
KIN.

BIOLOCAL RULE
HAPPENS WHEN THE NEWLYWED COUPLE
STAY WITH THE HUSBAND’S RELATIVES AND
THE WIFE’S KIN ALTERNATELY.
REFERRED MARRIAGE AND ARRANGED
MARRIAGES
Referred Marriage
occurs when matchmakers help their single
friends or relative to find their possible husband
or wife by referring him or her to another man
or woman who is also interested in finding a life
partner.
 FIX OR ARRANGED MARRIAGE

marriage partners are not referred but they are

arranged by the parents of the groom and bride.
the man or woman’s parents, community leaders,
religious officials or leaders determine the marital
partner of the individual.
 TYPES OF ARRANGED MARRIAGES:
1. Child marriage – happens when parents arrange for the
marriage of their child long before the marriage takes
place.
2. Exchange marriage – there is a reciprocal exchange of
spouses between two countries, tribes, or groups.
3. Diplomatic marriage – occurs when an arranged marriage
has been established between two royal or political families
in order to forge political or diplomatic alliances.
4. Modern arranged marriage – the child’s parents, with the
consent of the child, choose from several possible mates.
 KINSHIP BY RITUALS

Compadrazgo
translated as “godparenthood”.
a ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or
family.
done through the performance of Catholic rituals
like baptism, confirmation, and marriage.
through this set-up, a relationship between the
child’s biological parents, their children, and
persons close to the parents but not related by
blood become a family.
SPIRITUAL PARENTS:

KUMPARE – MALE GODPARENT.

KUMARE – FEMALE GODPARENT.

Inaanak – a term called by the godparent to their

godson or goddaughter.

Ninong (godfather) or Ninang (godmother)

– a term called by the godchild to their
godparents.
 FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD
Family
considered as the basic unit of social organizations.
made up of a group of individuals who are linked
together by marriage, blood relations, or adoption.
constitutes a single household that interrelates with each
other and performs the social roles of a husband, wife,
mother, father, brother, and sister.
DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS OF FAMILY ACCORDING
TO SOCIOLOGISTS AND ANTHROPOLOGISTS

Sociologists and Definition of family

Anthropologists

George Peter Family is a social group that has

Murdock the following characteristics:

1. Share common residence

2. Presence of economic
cooperation
3. Reproduce offspring
 Sociologists and Definition of family
Anthropologists
George Peter 4. Includes adults of both sexes
Murdock wherein at least two of whom
uphold a socially approved form
of sexual relationships.
5. Responsible for the socialization
of infants and children.

Kingsley Davis Family is a group of individuals

wherein the relationship is based on
consanguinity and kinship.
 Sociologists and Definition of family
Anthropologists

Talcott Parsons Family is a factory that develops and

produces human personalities.

Bronislaw Family is an institution that passes

Malinowski down the cultural traditions of a
society to the next generation.
 ASSUMPTIONS OF MAJOR
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ABOUT
FAMILY
Theoretical Assumptions about Family
Perspective
Structural Family is important because it
Functionalism Theory performs different roles for society.
1. Agent of socialization
2. Provides emotional and practical
support for family members.
3. Controls sexual activity and
sexual reproduction
4. Provides family members with
social identity.
 Theoretical Assumptions about Family
Perspective

Conflict Theory Family is a cause of social

inequality because it strengthens
economic inequality and allows
the continuity of patriarchy.

Symbolic The family members’ interaction

Interactionist Theory can produce a shared
understanding of their situations.
UNITED NATIONS (2014)
DEFINES A FAMILY WITHIN THE
HOUSEHOLD AS “THOSE MEMBERS OF THE
HOUSEHOLD WHO ARE RELATED, TO A
SPECIFIED DEGREE, THROUGH BLOOD,
ADOPTION, OR MARRIAGE.”

Household
can either be a one-person household or a multi-
person household
ONE-PERSON HOUSEHOLD
“AN ARRANGEMENT IN WHICH ONE PERSON
MAKES PROVISION FOR HIS OR HER OWN FOOD
OR OTHER ESSENTIALS FOR LIVING WITHOUT
COMBINING WITH ANY OTHER PERSON TO
FORM PART OF A MULTI-PERSON HOUSEHOLD.”

Multi-person household
“group of two or more persons living together
who make common provision for food or other
essentials for living.”
NUCLEAR FAMILY AND EXTENDED
FAMILY
Nuclear Family
a type of a family that is made up of a group of
people who are united by social ties and is
usually made up of two adults and their
socially recognized children.
usually made up of a married couple and their
biological or adopted child or children.
EXTENDED FAMILY
A TYPE OF A FAMILY WHOSE MEMBERS
GO BEYOND THE NUCLEAR FAMILY
MADE UP OF PARENTS AND THEIR
OFFSPRING.
Following Forms:
1. A single nuclear family and other persons
related to the nucleus
2. Two or more nuclear families related to each
other without any other persons.
3. Two or more nuclear families that are related
to each other plus other persons related to at
least one of the nuclear families.
BLENDED OR RECONSTITUTED FAMILIES

Blended Family
a type of a family where the parents have a
child or children from previous marital
relationships but all the members stay and
congregrate to form a new family unit.
sometimes called a step family, reconstituted
family, or a complex family.
 KINSHIP OF POLITICS: POLITICAL DYNASTIES AND
ALLIANCES
Political Dynasties
exist when “two or more individuals who are
related within the second degree of
consanguinity” or those relatives of a person
who may be the latter’s brother or sister,
direct ascendant or direct descendant,
whether legitimate or illegitimate, full or half
blood, including their spouses” hold elected
government positions (David, 2014).
POLITICAL PARTIES

tend to align and forge cooperation with

other stronger parties or with the
administration party to ensure victory in
the elections or guarantee the passage of a
legislation.
ACTIVITY
Determine each statement as to what
kinship terminology is being describe.
1. Niece CLASSIFICATORY
2. Son of my mother’s brother
DESCRIPTIVE
3. Father of Sarah TEKNONYMY
4. Brother REFERENTIAL
5. Mama VOCATIVE
 Transform the classificatory terms into
descriptive terms
1. mother’s brother UNCLE
2. Father of my mother GRANDFATHER
3. Son of my sister NEPHEW
4. Daughter of my father’s brother COUSIN
5. Sister of my father AUNT