History of Periodic T.

1. The Periodic Table

 Examples of Elements

Bromine (Br)

Gold (Au)
 Examples of Elements

Aluminium (Al) Silver (Ag)

The most abundant
metal in the Earth’s
crust
 Examples of Elements

Chlorine (Cl) Hydrogen (H)

 Examples of Elements

Tin (Sn) Platinum (Pt)

 Examples of Elements

Carbon (C) Sodium (Na)

 Humphry Davy
• Davy was an English chemist who started out his
research examining the medicinal effect of various
gases
 Humphry Davy
Davy used
electricity to split
up compounds to
form elements

Humphry Davy
19th Century
Davy’s Elemental Discoveries
1807 1808
 Elements
• Elements are made up of only one type of atom.
 Naming the elements
• After a planet ….mercury, uranium
• European mythological figures….Titanium after
the Titans
• After its colour…. Gold
• After a physical property… Bromine= bad smell
• After a country…. francium = France
• After yourself….?
• After a scientist… Es = Einsteinium
Looking for a pattern in the elements
• In the 1800s over 50
elements had been
discovered and more
were being found!

• Chemists wanted to find

if there was any pattern to
the elements

Date of Discovery
 Lavoisier’s Elements

“Elements in the body”

“Nonmetallic elements”

“Metallic elements”

“Earths”
 Johann wolfgang Dobereiner
1829 – His theory of triads

He noticed that certain

elements in groups of 3
had similar physical &
chemical properties with
the atomic weight of the
Dobereiner middle element being
halfway between the other
two.
He called such a group of
elements a triad.
2005 Q. 4 (d) (6)
What contribution did Dobereiner make to the systematic arrangement of the elements? (6)
“Triads” suggest an underlying pattern

Li = 7 Na = 23 K = 39

Ca = 40 Sr = 87 Ba = 137

Cl = 35.5 Br = 80 I=

K = 39 Rb = 85 Cs =

S = 32 Se = 78 Te = 125 Johann Döbereiner

Jena, Germany
P= As = 75 Sb = 122 1829
Higher level only

Newlands -1864

Newland arranged all of the known

elements in order of increasing atomic
weight and he noticed the chemical
and physical properties of the
elements repeated with every 8th
element.
 John Newlands
Law of octaves

He arranged the elements in order of

increasing atomic weight
H Li Be B C N O
John Newlands
Newlands
F Na Mg Al Si P S
Every 8th known element had similar
2006 Q. 4 (f) (6) physical & chemical properties.

What contribution did Newlands make to the systematic arrangement of the elements known to him? (6)
 Higher level only

Newlands Octaves
• The problem is that after Calcium the pattern starts to
break down.

• Although Newland had the right idea, some of the

elements hadn’t been discovered yet and this caused
elements to be forced into the wrong group!
A word more about volumes of gases. . .
Gay-Lussac had found in 1808 that when gases
chemically react, the volumes of both the reactants
and the products are in simple ratios. For example,
1 volume nitrogen + 3 volumes hydrogen
react to give 2 volumes of ammonia.
N + H H H Am Am

Avogadro interpreted this reaction as expressing

what happens on an atomic (and molecular) scale,
by borrowing from Dalton’s atomic theory:
 Avogadro’s hypothesis is “rediscovered”

Cannizzaro “rediscovered”
Avogadro’s work on gas
volumes which had been
ignored for half a century.

Amedeo Avogadro was far ahead of his time when he published

in 1811 his hypothesis that equal volumes of all gases contain equal
numbers of molecules (at the same temperature and pressure).
Cannizzaro showed that application of Avogadro’s hypothesis
produced a self-consistent set of atomic weights.
And a final word about water. . .
Avogadro in 1811 actually hypothesized the
correct interpretation in the reaction of
hydrogen with oxygen to produce water.
O + H H Wa Wa

Again, Avogadro explained this reaction as

expressing what happens on an atomic (and
molecular) scale, using Dalton’s atomic theory:

SAME TEMPERATURE AND SAME PRESSURE

EQUAL VOLUME ANY TWO GASES
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
• EQUAL VOLUMES of all gases under
similar conditions of temperature and
pressure contain the SAME NUMBER OF
MOLECULES
The Discovery of the Modern Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev

Two scientists independently discovered

the “modern” Periodic Table in 1869.
Dimitri Mendeleév
St. Petersburg,
Russia

Mendeleév on his desk played and arranged pieces of paper,

listing elements with their respective atomic weights,
trying to find some order.
Mendeleev’s First Table — March, 1869
Ti 50 Zr 90 ?100
V 51 Nb 94 Ta 182
Cr 52 Mo 96 W 186
Mn 55 Rh 104.4 Pt 197.4
Fe 56 Ru 104.4 Ir 198
Ni=Co 59 Pd 106.6 Os 199
H1 Cu 63.4 Ag 108 Hg 200
Be 9.4 Mg 24 Zn 65.2 Cd 112
B 11 Al 27.4 ? 68 U 116 Au 197?
C 12 Si 28 ? 70 Sn 118
N 14 P 31 As 75 Sb 122 Bi 210?
O 16 S 32 Se 79.4 Te 128?
F 19 Cl 35.5 Br 80 I 127
Li 7 Na 23 K 39 Rb 85.4 Cs 133 Tl 204
Ca 40 Sr 87.6 Ba 137 Pb 207
? 45 Ce 92
Er? 56 La 94
Yt? 60 Di 95
In 75.6? Th 118?
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
No Helium
Beryllium
Hydrogen
Lithium
Boron
Carbon
- Undiscovered

H
Li Be B C
 The differences in Mendeleev’s table and the
modern periodic table
1. Mendeleev’s table was arranged in order of
increasing atomic mass. Modern table is
arranged in order of increasing atomic
number.
2. In Mendeleev’s table the noble gases are
not included in the modern Table they are.

3. There are gaps in Medeleev’s table but

there are none in the modern periodic table
as they have been discovered..
2003 Q. 4 (i) (6)
State two ways in which Mendeleev’s periodic table of the elements differs from that of Moseley.
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(Mendeléeff, 1 8 7 1 )

Row 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
R2 O RO R2 O3 RO2 R2 O5 RO3 R2 O7
8
RO4
eka-boron
RH4 RH3 RH2 RH

1 H
1  eka-aluminum
Li Be B C N O F
2
7 9 .4 1 1
Na Mg Al S i
12 14
P
16
S Cl
19
eka-silicon
3
23 24 27. 28 31 32 35.
3 ) Ti
K Ca "eka- V 5 ) Fe
Cr Mn Co Ni
4
3 9 4 0 4B"
4?
48 51 52 55 56 59 59 Predicted!
Cu Zn "eka- "eka- As Se Br
5 Al" Si"
63 65 68? 72?
75 78 80
Rb S r Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd
6
85 87 88 90 94 96 100 104 104 106
Correct
?
7 Ag Cd In Sn S b Te ?)
I ) ) )
108 112 113 118 122 125 127
value?
??
) Ba
Cs ) ) Ce
Di ) ) ) )
8
133 137 138 140
) ) ) )
9

10
??
Er La Ta W
178 180 182 184
) ) ) )
Os Ir Pt
195 197 198
) ) )
Misfits?
1 1 Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
199 200 204 207 208

? ?
) ) ) Th ) ) U
12
231 240
) )
Mendeléeff as s umed: oxide of Be = BeO
oxide of In = In 2 O3
oxide of U = UO 3
 How Mendeleev predicted unknown elements

Mendeleev simply followed the trends of the table to interpolate

the properties of three new elements, which he called eka-boron,
eka-aluminum, and eka-silicon. He predicted the atomic
weights would be 44, 68, and 72, respectively, and he predicted
the chemical properties and physical properties of each of these
elements.

His paper didn’t get much attention until. . . .

Eka-B Eka-Al Eka-Si

44 68 72
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(Mendeléeff, 1 8 9 1 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R2 O RO R2 O3 RO2 R2 O5 RO3 R2 O7 R2 O RO R2 O3 RO2 R2 O5 RO3 R2 O7

H
 1
Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 23 24 27 28 31 32 3 5 .5
)
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
39 40 44 48 51 52 55 56 58. 59 63 65 70 72 75 79 80
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru 5)
Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
85 87 89 90 94 96 103 104 106 108 112 113 118 120 125 127
Cs Ba La Ce ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
133 137 138 140
) ) )
Yb ) Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
173 182 184 191 193 196 198 200 294 206 208
) Th ) )
U ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
232 240
) )
Als o know n in 1 8 9 1 : Er, Tb, Ho, Tm, Sm, Gd, Pr, Nd, Dy
Difficulties include: Brauner found Te = 1 2 7 .6 1 8 8 9
 A new family of elements?!

Sir William Ramsey New gas

University College isolated from
(London) the atmosphere!
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(1 8 9 4 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R2 O RO R2 O3 RO2 R2 O5 RO3 R2 O7 R2 O RO R2 O3 RO2 R2 O5 RO3 R2 O7

H
 1
Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 23 24 27 28 31 3 2 3 5 .5 4 0
)
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63 65 70 73 75 79 80
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
85 88 89 91 93 96 101 104 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127
Cs Ba La Ce
133 137 139 140
Yb Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
173 181 184 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
Th U
232 238

A Als
new column is needed for the new element!
o know n in 1 8 9 4 : Er, Tb, Ho, Tm, Sm, Gd, Pr, Nd, Dy
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(1 8 9 5 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R2 O RO R2 O3 RO2 R2 O5 RO3 R2 O7 R2 O RO R2 O3 RO2 R2 O5 RO3 R2 O7

H He
 1 4
Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 23 24 27 28 31 3 2 3 5 .5 4 0
)
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63 65 70 73 75 79 80
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
85 88 89 91 93 96 101 104 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127
Cs Ba La Ce
133 137 139 140
Yb Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
173 181 184 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
Th U
232 238

AnotherAlsgas discovered!
o know (was
n in 1 8 9 5 : Er, originally
Tb, Ho, seen
Tm, Sm, Gd, in the
Pr, Nd, Dy sun)
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(1 8 9 8 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R2 O RO R2 O3 RO2 R2 O5 RO3 R2 O7 R2 O RO R2 O3 RO2 R2 O5 RO3 R2 O7

H He
 1 4
Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 23 24 27 28 31 3 2 3 5 .5 4 0
)
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85 88 89 91 93 96 101 104 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Cs Ba La Ce
133 137 139 140
Yb Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
173 181 184 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
Th U
232 238

Two
Als o know n in more gases
1 8 9 8 : Er, discovered!
Tb, Ho, Tm, Sm, Gd, Pr, Nd, Dy
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(1 8 9 8 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

R2 O RO R2 O3 RO2 R2 O5 RO3 R2 O7 R2 O RO R2 O3 RO2 R2 O5 RO3 R2 O7

H He
 1 4
Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20 23 24 27 28 31 3 2 3 5 .5 4 0
)
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85 88 89 91 93 96 101 104 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Cs Ba La Ce
133 137 139 140
Yb Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
173 181 184 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
Th U
232 238

Another
Alsgas discovered
o know ! (Table
n in 1 8 9 8 : Er, needs
Tb, Ho, Tm, Sm, to
Gd,be
Pr, restacked)
Nd, Dy
Mendeléeff's Las t Periodic Table
(1 9 0 2 )

Ro 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
R R2 O RO R2 O3 RO2 R2 O5 RO3 R2 O7 RO4
w
1 H
1 .0 0 8

2 He Li Be B C N O F
4 .0 7 .0 3 9 .1 1 1 .0 1 2 .0 1 4 .0 1 6 .0 1 9 .0
4 0
3 Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
1 9 .9 2 3 .0 2 4 .3 2 7 .0 2 8 .4 3 1 .0 3 2 .0 3 5 .4
5 6 5
4 Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
38 3 9 .1 4 0 .1 4 4 .1 4 8 .1 5 1 .4 5 2 .1 5 5 .0 5 5 .9 59 59
5 Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
6 3 .6 6 5 .4 70 7 2 .3 75 7 9 7 9 .9
5
6 Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd
8 1 .8 8 5 .4 8 7 .6 8 9 .0 9 0 .6 9 4 .0 9 6 .0 1 0 1 .7 1 0 3 .0 1 0 6 .5

7 Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
1 0 7 .9 1 1 2 .4 1 1 4 .0 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .0 1 2 7 127
8 Xe Cs Ba La Ce
1 2 8 1 3 2 .9 1 3 7 .4 1 3 9 140
9

10 Yb Ta W Os Ir Pt
173 183 184 191 1 9 3 1 9 4 .9
11 Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
1 9 7 .2 2 0 0 .0 2 0 4 .1 2 0 6 .9 2 0 8

12 Ra Th U
224 232 239

Not included:
Er, Tb, Ho, Tm, Sm, Gd, Pr, Nd, Dy, Eu, Po, Ac, Rn
 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(Brauner, 1 9 0 2 )

Row 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
R R2 O RO R2 O3 RO2 R2 O5 RO3 R2 O7 RO4
RH4 RH3 RH2 RH
1 H
1 
Brauner
2 He Li Be B C N O F
4 7 9 11 12 14 16 19
attempted to
3 Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
2 0 2 3 2 4 2 7 2 8 3 1 3 2 3 5 .5
find order in
4 Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
40 39 40 44 48 51 52 55 56 59 59
the higher
5 Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
63 65 70 72 75 78 80 elements
Bohuslav Brauner 6 Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd
82 85 87 89 90 94 96 100 102 103 106
Prague, Bohemia 7 Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I

8
108 112 114 119 120 128 127
Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd
Predicted?!
128 133 137 139 140 141 144 145
Sm Eu
147 148 151 152
Gd
155 156 159 160
Tb Ho Er
Bauner
163 165 166 167
Tm Yb
predicted 98
171 173 176
Ta W Os Ir Pt
elements
9
178 182 184 190 191 193 195
Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
through
10
197 200 204 207 209 212 214
Ra Th U
uranium
218 220 225 230 233 235 239

Not included: Dy, Po, Ac, Rn

 PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
(1 9 0 7 )
1A 2A 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In S n S b Te I Xe
Cs Ba Rare earths
Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po Rn
Ac Th U

Rare earths : La, Ce, Er, Tb, Ho, Tm, Yb, Sm, Gd, Pr, Nd, Dy, Eu, Lu

This was the best guess by 1907 — but it was still not
known how many elements actually existed. . . . until. . . . .
 Henry Moseley
1913 – Henry Moseley discovered
that the positive charge in the
nucleus of an atom of any element is
of a definite amount.

These units of positive charge

became known as protons. The
periodic table is now arranged in
order of increasing atomic number.

The atomic number of and element is the number of protons

Moseley in the nucleus of an atom of that element

2008 Q. 4 (b) (6)

Definition
What contribution did Henry Moseley, the scientist shown in the photograph, make to the systematic
arrangement of the elements in the periodic table?
 Moseley — 1912 Henry Moseley


Oxford, England

= N -1
3
0
4
Where N = atomic number
of element
v = 1/λ = wavenumber of Kα
X-ray line
v0 = Rydberg constant
 From Moseley’s work, scientists now knew that
there were exactly 92 elements ranging from
hydrogen to uranium.

Moseley predicted the following

elements were yet to be discovered:

43, 61, 75, 85, 87

And using quantum theory, Bohr was ready to

propose the modern form of the Periodic Table. . . .
Today. . . .
Group 1 – The Alkali metals
Group 1 – The Alkali Metals
1. They are all shiny
metals which are easily
cut with a knife.

2. They all float on water

3. They are all extremely

reactive and have to be
stored in oil to prevent
them from reacting
with the oxygen in the
air.
 Demonstration – The reaction
of the alkali metals with water
1 – The reaction of lithium with water

2 – The reaction of sodium with water

3 – The reaction of potassium with

water
Explain, in terms of the structures of the atoms, the trend in reactivity down Group I (the alkali metal group) of the
periodic table.

6Whydo the alkali metals increase in

Potassium
reactivity
Lithium
2006 Q. 5 (b) (9)
as you
Sodium
go down the group?

As you go down the group the atomic radius

increases and the outermost electron is much
further from the nucleus and is under less of an
effect so that element is more reactive. This outer
electron is also protected from the nucleus by an
inner ‘screening effect’ of the inner electrons.
 Group 2 – The earth alkali metals
Includes the following elements:
Beryllium (Be)
Magnesium (Mg)
Calcium (Ca) and others!

•They are all metals

•All of the elements in group one have two electrons in their outermost
shell!
•They are reactive- They have a tendency when reacting with outer
elements to lose these outer electrons and form ionic compounds
•They react less vigorously with water to produce hydrogen
Group 2 – The Alkaline Earth
1. Metals
They all have 2
electrons in their outer
shell

2. They are reactive but

not as reactive as the
alkali metals
 Groups 3 -11 The d block metals
Includes the following
elements:
Scandium (Sc)
Titanium (Ti)
Vanadium (V)
Chromium (Cr)
Manganese (Mn)
Iron (Fe)

They are all metals and are Cobalt (Co)

usually brightly coloured and Nickel (Ni)

act as catalysts for chemical Copper (Co)

Zinc (Zn) and others!
reactions
 Group 13

•All have 3 electrons on their outermost shell!

Group 14
Group 15
 Group 16

•All have 6 electrons on their outermost shell!

•All of the group are metals except for Polonium which is a metal
 Group 17 - The Halogens
•They are non metals
•All of the elements in group one
have seven electrons in their
outermost shell!
•They are reactive - They have a
tendency when reacting with
outer compounds to gain one
electron
Group 17 - The Halogens

Chlorine gas

Bromine

iodine
Group 18 - The Noble gases

They are all non metals

They are all odourless
and colourless gases
They are very
unreactive as they have
an outer shell full of
electrons, which makes
them chemically stable
Group 18 - The Noble gases

Helium gas
The odd one out.. Hydrogen
That’s All Folks!