FORCES OF ATTRACTIONS

Types of bonds

 Ionic – transfer of e- from one atom to another

 Covalent - sharing of e- between atoms
a) nonpolar covalent – equal sharing of e-
b) polar covalent – unequal sharing of e-
Bond Polarity
When two nonmetal atoms bond, they share electrons.
They may or may not share electrons evenly.

Consider the following molecules:

F2
HF
Bond Polarity
H vs. F H F
EN = 2.2 EN = 4.0
The EN of H is 2.2.
The EN of F is 4.0.
In F2, both atoms pull with equal strength on the bonding
e-.
The e- are shared evenly between them.
In HF, the F atom pulls harder than the H atom.
The e- are drawn more toward the F atom.

F F F H
Bond Polarity
F F
EN is same for both
atoms.
e- density is spread evenly
around molecule.
Highest e- density occurs
between atoms.
Bond is nonpolar.
F H
EN is much higher for F
than for H.
e- density is drawn toward
F side.
F atom acquires partial
negative charge.
H atom acquires partial
positive charge.
Bond is polar.
Bond Polarity
In general, a covalent bond is:
polar if it occurs between two different atoms.
nonpolar if it occurs between two identical atoms.
Polar-covalent bonds and Dipoles

Electronegativity of Electronegativity of
4.0
2.5

Fluorine has a stronger attraction for the

electrons. They are still shared, but spend more
time around the fluorine giving partial opposite
charges to opposite ends of the bond (a dipole)
To determine polarity of a molecule you
need the following:
 Lewis Structure
 AXE designation and molecular shape (using your
chart)
 If
surrounding atoms are identical in the following
shapes, the molecule has no dipole (it’s nonpolar):
linear, trigonal planar, or tetrahedral
Water
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbon Dioxide
Methyl Chloride
Sulfur Dioxide
Boron Trifluoride
Dipole Moments
Dipole Moment - a measure of the polarity of a bond.
Is often represented by a special arrow.

Arrow points toward

more EN atom.
H F
Showing Polarity of a Bond
Polarity of Diatomic Molecules
Diatomic Molecules - molecules made of only two
atoms.
If atoms are the same, molecule is nonpolar.
If atoms are diff., molecule is polar.
NOTE: Polar does not mean charged.
Is Cl2 polar or nonpolar?
Is CO polar or nonpolar?
Molecules With 3 or More Atoms
A molecule with 3 or more atoms is:
Polar if its central atom has lone pairs OR
 If the outer atoms are not all the same.
Nonpolar if its central atom has no lone pairs AND
 All the outer atoms are identical.
CO2 vs. H2O
Consider the Lewis structure of CO2:

This molecule is nonpolar.

CO2 vs. H2O
Consider the Lewis structure of H 2O:

This molecule is polar.

CH4 vs. CH3Cl
Neither CH4 nor CH3Cl has any lone pairs on the
central carbon atom.
Is CH4 polar or nonpolar?
Is CH3Cl polar or nonpolar?

H H
HCH H C Cl
H H
Grease and Water Don't Mix!
“Like Dissolves Like”
Polar molecules mix with each other.
Nonpolar molecules mix with each other.
Polar and nonpolar molecules do not easily mix.
Amphipathic Molecules
Amphipathic - has a hydrophobic region and a
hydrophilic region.
Hydrophobic - “water-fearing”
 Nonpolar.
Hydrophilic - “water-loving”
 Polar or charged.

Dish detergents contain amphipathic molecules.

Why?
Amphipathic Molecules

Hydrophilic head

Hydrophobic tails
Amphipathic Molecules
Intermolecular forces – the attractions
between molecules

3 Main Types:
a) Hydrogen bonding
b) Dipole-dipole interactions
c) Dispersion forces/London force
Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular force - a force between two molecules
that does not result from chemical bonding.
Dipole-dipole interaction.
Hydrogen bonding.
London force.
Intermolecular forces and
melting/boiling point
Hydrogen Bonding

 Attraction
formed between the hydrogen atom of one
molecule and an electronegative atom of an adjacent
molecule (O, N, or F)
A type of dipole interaction and the strongest
intermolecular force
Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bond - a stronger form of dipole-dipole
interaction.
Occurs in molecules that have H atoms bonded to O, N, or F
atoms.
The small size of the H atom allows these molecules to
get closer together.
Closer together = stronger forces.
EXAMPLE: H2O has a boiling point of 100ºC.
EXAMPLE: H2S has a boiling point of -60ºC.
The b.p. of H2O is higher b/c of hydrogen bonding.
Hydrogen Bonding
Boiling P oints o f Several C om pounds

150
100
Boiling P oint (ºC)

50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
H2O H2S H2Se H2Te
Com pound
Nonpolar Bond (no dipole) vs. Polar
Bond (dipole)

+
+ -
Dipole-dipole interactions
 Dipolesinteract by the positive end of one
molecule being attracted to the negative end of
another molecule (similar to but much weaker than
ionic bonds)
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Dipole - polar molecule.
Like magnets, except poles are + and  - instead of N and S.
Polar molecules generally have higher melting and
boiling points than similar nonpolar molecules.
EXAMPLE: O (nonpolar) boils at -183ºC.
2
EXAMPLE: NO (polar) boils at -152ºC.
NO has a higher boiling point due to its polarity.
 Still far below the boiling point of any ionic cmpd.
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
 Dispersion Forces
 Caused by electron motion.
Electrons around one molecule
momentarily repel electrons a
nearby molecule creating a
momentary charge difference
 Canexist between nonpolar
molecules as well as polar
 Weakest intermolecular force but
increases as the number of
electrons increases
London Force (Dispersion)
London force - attraction between temporary dipoles.
e- move randomly around molecules.
Nonpolar molecules become temporarily polar.
Allows for very weak attractions between nonpolar
molecules.
Named for Fritz London.
London Forces
The more e- a molecule has, the greater its London forces
are.
Large molecules tend to have higher melting/boiling
points than small molecules.
London forces apply to all molecules.
London Forces




London Forces
Bo ilin g P o in ts o f th e No ble Gases

250
Boiling P oint (Kelvins)

200

150

100

50

0
He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
Noble G a s