9

SCIENCE
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Chemical Bonding
Quarter 2- Week 2

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Science – Grade 9
Guided Learning Activity Kit
Chemical Bonding
Quarter 2 - Week 2

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Guided Learning Activity Kit Development Team

Writer: John Paul V. Alterado
Editor: Ailyne T. Renojo
Reviewer: Catherine R. Trimor
Graphic Artist: Ferdinand V. dela Llana
Management Team: Leonardo D. Zapanta EdD, CESO V
Michelle Ablian-Mejica EdD
Manolito B. Basilio EdD
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 CHEMICAL BONDING

Introduction

Since you did a great job in our past lessons, you are now more prepared for
your Chemistry journey.
In the first lesson of the second quarter, you learned about the proper
building up of the electron configuration of the atom through the Aufbau process.
You were also guided by Pauli’s Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule.
In this lesson, you will be directed to understand the way ions and
molecules are formed.

Learning Competency

Explain how ions are formed (S9MT-IIe-f-16).

Objectives

At the end of this guided learning activity kit, you are expected to:

1. identify the number of valence electrons of atoms;

2. write the Lewis Symbol of elements
3. explain the relationship of electronegativity and ionization energy to
the number of valence electron;
4. discuss the Octet Rule;
5. show the formation of ionic and covalent compounds; and
6. name ionic and covalent compounds.

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 Review

Before we proceed to our new lesson, let us revisit what you have learned
from the previous lesson.

Directions: Write the electron configuration of the following elements:

1. 6C = _______________________________________________________
2. 38Sr = _____________________________________________________
3. 23V = ______________________________________________________
4. 53I = _______________________________________________________
5. 26Fe = _____________________________________________________
6. Zinc (30Zn)= ________________________________________________
7. Cadmium (_____)= __________________________________________
8. Barium (_____)= ____________________________________________
9. Gold (_____)= _______________________________________________
10. Aluminum (_____)= __________________________________________

Discussion

A chemical bond is a force that binds atoms together to form a compound.

Do you have any idea how chemical bonds are formed? In the formation of bonds,
the valence electrons play an important role. The term valence electron refers to the
electrons in the outermost shell of the atom. These electrons are the ones
responsible for the formation of chemical bonds.

Figure 1: Valence Electron and Oxidation Number

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 How do we know the valence electron of an element? Try to look at the
Roman Numeral located on top of every column in the Periodic Table. This is the
element’s group number. The group number tells you the valence electron of the
element. The elements under one column belong to the same group and have the
same valence electrons. Therefore, all the elements belonging to group 1 has 1
valence electron. Consequently, electrons under group II has 2 valence electrons.
For example, the valence electron of potassium (K) is 1 because it belongs to group
I. The valence of oxygen (O) is 6 because it belongs to group VI.

How do we write the valence electron of the element? We can represent the
number of valence electrons of the element through the Lewis Electron Dot
Structure (LEDS). Electrons are drawn as dots and are placed one on each side of
the element symbol first before pairing up.

IA IIA III A IV A
● ●

Na Ca B Si
●

●
●
VA VI A VII A VIII A
●● ●● ● ●●

N S Br Ne
●●

●●

●●

●●

●●
●

● ● ●● ●●
Figure 2: Lewis Electron Dot Structure of the Elements of Family A

Figure 2 shows the valence electrons of the elements under Family A in the
periodic table using Lewis Electron Dot Structure.

Electronegativity is the ability to attract electrons. The higher the value of

the electronegativity of an element, the greater is its ability to attract electrons.
Ionization energy is the energy needed for the removal of one or more electrons
from a neutral atom. Study the diagram below.

Table 1: Relationship of Valence Electron, Electronegativity, and Ionization Energy

Ionization
Elements Valence Electron Electronegativity
Energy
Lithium 1 0.98 520.2
Beryllium 2 1.31 737.7
Boron 3 1.61 800.6
Carbon 4 2.55 1086
Nitrogen 5 3.04 1402.3

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 Table 1 shows the relationship between valence electron, electronegativity,
and ionization energy. As the number of valence electron increases, the
electronegativity and ionization energy also increases. Metals have a higher
tendency to lose or transfer electrons due to their low electronegativity and low
ionization energy. Non-metals, on the other hand, have a higher tendency to gain
electrons due to their high electronegativity and high ionization energy.

Elements chemically bond with each other because they need to be stable.
The Octet rule tells us that gaining, losing, or sharing electrons is needed for the
atom to attain stability. The Octet rule states that an atom must achieve eight
electrons in its outermost shell with s and p subshells. Exemptions to this rule
include hydrogen, helium, lithium, and beryllium which can be stable with only 2
valence electrons. Boron is already stable with 6 electrons.

Types of Chemical Bond

There are two types of chemical bonds, ionic and covalent bonds. An ionic
bond is formed by transferring electrons from an atom to another atom. It can only
occur between metals and non-metals. Losing or gaining electrons is important for
ionic bonding because ions are formed through this process. Cations (positive ions)
are formed when the atom of a metallic element loses electrons. Anions (negative
ions) are formed when the atom of a non-metallic element gains electrons. Take
note that the element that loses its electron is losing the excess from the 8
electrons needed to satisfy the octet rule.

A. Ionic Bond

Example 1. Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) atoms undergo ionic bonding to
form your table salt.

Here are the steps in forming an ionic bond.

1. Use the periodic table to identify the valence electron of Sodium and
Chlorine. (see figure 2 as your basis)
Sodium has a valence electron of 1 and Chlorine has a valence
electron of 7.
2. Write the chemical symbol of the element.
3. Represent the valence electrons of the elements using Lewis Electron Dot
Structure (LEDS).
●●

Na Cl
●●

●●
●

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 4. Use an arrow to show the complete transfer of the electron of Sodium to
Chlorine.
●●

Na Cl

●●

●●
●
●●
The Sodium atom becomes stable after losing its excess electron.
Consequently, the Chlorine atom becomes stable with eight electrons after
gaining the electron that the sodium atom lost.

5. Write the symbol of Sodium and Chlorine ions with their charges (See the
italic numbers with positive and negative signs in figure 2. It is also called
oxidation number.). Sodium takes a 1+ since it loses an electron. Chlorine
takes a 1- charge since it gains an electron. Note: if the charge is 1+ or 1-
just simply write the positive or negative sign.

Na+ + Cl-
6. Cross over the numbers as subscripts.
Na+ + Cl- = Na- + Cl+

7. Rewrite the formula, dropping the charges.

NaCl
The combined ion of Sodium and Chlorine is NaCl. (Note: remove the
number, and the positive and negative sign, if both elements have the same
numeric subscript).
8. In naming this compound, just copy the first name of the metal element and
change the ending of the second element (non-metal) to –ide.
NaCl is known as Sodium Chloride.

Example 2. Show the formation of ionic bond between Lithium and Oxygen.

1. Use the periodic table to identify the valence electron of Lithium and
Oxygen. (see figure 2 as your basis)
Lithium has a valence electron of 1 and Oxygen has a valence
electron of 6.
2. Write the symbol of Lithium and Oxygen with their charges (Refer to Figure
2) Note: if the charge is 1+ or 1- just simply write the positive or negative
sign.
L+ + O2-
3. Cross over the numbers as subscripts.
Li+ + O2- = Li2- + O+

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 4. Rewrite the formula, dropping the charges.
Li2O
The combined ion of the Lithium and Oxygen is Li 2O (Note: remove
the number, and the positive and negative sign if both elements have the
same charges).
5. Represent the valence electron of the elements using Lewis Electron Dot
Structure (LEDS). Based on the combined ion (Li 2O), there are two Lithium
atoms(Li), therefore:

●●

●
Li O

●●
●

Li
●

6. Use an arrow to show the complete transfer of the electron of Lithium

to Oxygen.
●●
●●

Li O ●●
●

●●

Li
●

The two Lithium atom becomes stable after losing its excess electron.
Consequently, the Oxygen atom becomes stable with eight electrons after
gaining two electrons that the two Lithium atom lost.

7. In naming this compound, just copy the first name of the metal element and
change the ending of the second element (non-metal) to –ide.
Li2O is known as Lithium Oxide.

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B. Covalent Bond

Covalent bonding is formed by sharing electrons between elements. Covalent

bonding can only occur between non-metals. Hydrogen (H) and Fluorine (F) are
examples of elements that undergo covalent bonding.

In the ionic bond, arrows are used to show the transfer of electrons. But in a
covalent bond, a line is used instead. A single bond is a single line between two
atoms. For every line, one pair of electron or two electrons are shared. A double
bond is two horizontal lines between two atoms with two pairs of electrons (four
electrons) being shared. A triple bond is three horizontal lines between two atoms
in which three pairs of electrons (six electrons) are shared.

A–B A=B A≡B

Single Bond Double Bond Triple Bond

Here are the steps in forming a covalent bond.

Example 1. Show the formation of a covalent bond between Hydrogen and
Fluorine.
1. Use the periodic table to identify the valence electron of Hydrogen and
Fluorine (see figure 2 as your basis).
Hydrogen has a valence electron of 1 and Fluorine has a valence
electron of 7. There are 8 valence electrons in this compound.
Hydrogen = 1 valence electron
Fluorine = 7 valence electron
8 valence electron
2. Represent the valence electron of the elements using Lewis Electron Dot
Structure (LEDS).
●●

H F
●●
●

●●
3. Use the dots to show the sharing of electrons.

Lone Pair
Shared Pair
or Bonded
Pair
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 4. Represent the shared electrons with a line then drop the lone pairs around
Fluorine.
5. Rewrite the formula of the combined atom.
The combined atom of the Hydrogen and Fluorine is HF.

Table 2: Prefixes Used in Naming Molecular Compounds

Number of Atom Prefix

1 Mono-
2 Di-
3 Tri-
4 Tetra-
5 Penta-
6 Hexa-
7 Hepta-
8 Octa-
Table 2 shows the prefixes used in naming covalent compounds. In naming
covalent compounds:

1. Determine the number of atoms of each element in the compound.

2. Choose the prefix necessary for the number of atoms for the first element. Take
note that the prefix mono is not used to name the first element. If the first element
has one atom, you simply write the name of the element. If there are two atoms of
the first element, you simply add the prefix (di-) to its name, and so on.

3. Choose the prefix necessary for the number of atoms for the second
element. If it has one atom, you simply add the prefix mono- to the element and
change the ending of the second element to –ide. If the second element has two
atoms, you simply use the prefix di-, and change the ending of the second element
to –ide.

Special Rule: Do not use any prefix if the first element is H.

HF is known as Hydrogen Fluoride.

Example 2. Show the formation of a covalent compound between a carbon atom

and two oxygen atoms.

1. Use the periodic table to identify the valence electron of Carbon and Oxygen.
(see figure 2 as your basis)
Carbon has a valence electron of 4 and Oxygen has a valence electron
of 6. There are 16 valence electrons in this compound.
Carbon = (4 valence electron x 1) = 4
Oxygen = (6 valence electron x 2) = 12
16 valence electron

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 2. Represent the valence electron of the elements using Lewis Electron Dot
Structure (LEDS).
● ●●

C O

●●
●

●
● ●

●●

●●
●
●
3. Use the dots to show the sharing of electrons. Place the Carbon atom at the
center. Rearrange the electrons to give way for the formation of two covalent
bonds

4. Rewrite the formula of the combined atom.

The combined atom of Carbon and two Oxygen is CO 2.
5. In naming this covalent compound, determine the number of atoms of the
first element. In this case, we have 1 atom of carbon. Remember that we do
not use the prefix mono for the first element. So we simply write the name
Carbon.
6. The second element has two atoms so you simply use the prefix di- and add
the name of the second element ending with -ide.
CO2 is known as Carbon Dioxide.

Special Rule: If the prefix ending with a or o is to be attached to Oxygen, drop the “a” or “o”
of the prefix before adding the word oxide. So the word is monoxide and not monooxide,
tetroxide, and not tetraoxide.

Example 2. Show the formation of covalent bond involving one Hydrogen atom and
two Oxygen atoms.

1. Use the periodic table to identify the valence electron of Hydrogen and
Oxygen. (see figure 2 as your basis)

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 Hydrogen has a valence electron of 1 and Oxygen has a valence
electron of 6. There are 8 valence electrons in this compound.

Hydrogen = (1 valence electron x 2) = 2

Oxygen = (6 valence electron x 1) = 6
8 valence electron
2. Represent the valence electron of the elements using Lewis Electron Dot
Structure (LEDS).
●●

H O

●●
●

●
●

H
●

3. Use the dots to show the sharing of electrons.

4. Rewrite the formula of the combined atom.

The combined atom of Hydrogen and Oxygen is H 2O. What compound
is H2O? It’s water!

Note: If there are two atoms of the same element that undergo covalent
bonding, the name will be the element’s name followed by the word gas. For
example, two Chlorine (Cl) will undergo covalent bonding. The compound formula
will be Cl2 also known as Chlorine gas.

Remember that in naming compounds it is very important to determine the

type of elements involved. If you have metal and non-metal, follow the rules in
naming ionic compounds. If you have two non-metals, follow the rules in naming
covalent compounds.

I think you have already understood our lesson. You can now proceed to the
activities. Please have with you a Periodic Table of Elements.

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 Activities

Guided Practice 1: Ready, LEDS, Go!

Directions: Identify the valence electron of the elements and write their
Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS).

Elements Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS).

1. Beryllium

2. Bromine

3. Scandium

4. Aluminum

5. Selenium

6. Kr

7. Mg

8. Cr

9. Ba

10. Zn

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Guided Practice 2: Perfect Partner
Directions: Show the transfer or sharing of electron/s of the following pair of
atoms. Determine whether it is an ionic or covalent bond.

Illustration of
Pair of Atom Transferring/Sharing Ionic/Covalent Bond
of Electrons
1. 6.

One Nitrogen and three

Hydrogen

2. 7.

One Carbon and four

Chloride

3. 8.

Potassium and Bromine

4. 9.

Two Fluorine

5. 10.

Magnesium and Sulfur

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Independent Practice: Name it, to Win it.
Directions: Give the name of the following compounds.

A. Naming of Ionic Compounds

1. ZnI2 = ____________________________________________
2. NaF = _____________________________________________
3. Cu3P = ___________________________________________
4. Ca3N2 = __________________________________________
5. BaS = ____________________________________________

B. Naming of Covalent Compounds

6. CCl4 = ____________________________________________
7. O2 = ______________________________________________
8. NCl3 = ____________________________________________
9. N2O3 = ____________________________________________
10. P4O6 = ____________________________________________

Assessment

Directions: Read and analyze the questions. Write the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer.

1. Why do atoms react with one another to form chemical bonds?

A. To attain stability C. To form molecules
B. To form compounds D. To produce ions

2. What is the symbol we use to represent the valence electron of the element?
A. Asterisk B. LEDS C. Element D. Number

3. How do metal and non-metal form ionic bond?

A. They shared electrons with one another.
B. There is repulsion between metal and non-metal.
C. The metal atom transfers its electron to the nonmetal atom.
D. The metal gains electrons while non-metal loses electrons.

4. Which of the following elements has the highest ionization energy?

A. Potassium B. Scandium C. Iron D. Bromine

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 5. What kind of force is present in the ionic bond?
A. Neutral force C. Attraction
B. Repulsion D. Retentive force

6. Which of the following compounds has 26 valence electrons?

A. NF3 B. O2 C. CH4 D. AgCl

7. How many valence electrons are there in Argon?

A. 4 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8

8. What type of bond holds the atoms of Bromine together?

A. Covalent bond C. Metallic bond
B. Ionic bond D. Compound

9. Element X belongs to Group 1. Which of the following best describes the

element?
A. High ionization C. High electronegativity
B. A non-metallic element. D. Low electronegativity

10. Which of the following compounds is held together by an ionic bond?

A. Nitrogen Trichloride C. Barium Oxide
B. Sulfur Dioxide D. Ammonia

11. How many valence electrons are there in Sulfur Dioxide?

A. 8 B. 10 C. 18 D. 26

12. What kind of particle is produced after covalent bonding?

A. Atom B. Molecule C. electron D. ion

13. Which of the following will make a correct compound with Cesium (Cs)?
A. Selenide B. Calcium C. Copper D. Sodium

14. When does covalent bonding take place?

A. When the attraction between atom is weak.
B. When atoms share electrons with one another
C. When atoms collide with one another.
D. When atoms attain stability

15. Which of the following shows that an atom is stable?

A. Having 2 valence electrons C. Having 4 valence electrons
B. Having 6 valence electrons D. Having 8 valence electrons

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 Reflection

Find and encircle the words below. The words are vertically,
horizontally, and diagonally arranged. Some of the words are in the
reverse position. After you find all the seven words, make your own
sentences using those words. (15 points)

LEDS Sharing Metal Non-metal Ionic

Covalent Transfer

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 Indicators Points
He/she made a meaningful idea
15
using seven words.
He/she made a meaningful idea
13
using six words.
He/she made a meaningful idea
11
using five words.
He/she made a meaningful idea
9
using four words.
He/she made a meaningful idea
7
using three words.
He/she made a meaningful idea
5
using two words.
He/she made a meaningful idea
3
using one word.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

“Job well done! Congratulations!”

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 References

"2.5: Ion Formation". 2020. Chemistry Libretexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Kentucky/UK%3A_CH
E_103_-
_Chemistry_for_Allied_Health_(Soult)/Chapters/Chapter_2%3A_Elements_
and_Ions/2.5%3A_Ion_Formation.

"Formation Of Ions - Celeste Hardiman-10D SCIENCE". 2020. Sites.Google.Com.

https://sites.google.com/site/sciencecelestehardiman/formation-of-ions.

"Ion | Definition, Chemistry, Examples, & Facts". 2020. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/ion-physics.

"Ions | Introduction To Chemistry". 2020. Courses.Lumenlearning.Com.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/ ions/.

2020. Study.Com. https://study.com/academy/lesson/ions-predicting-formation-

charge-and-formulas-of-ions.html.

2020. Study.Com. https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-ionic-reactions-

definition-examples.html.

Alvarez, Lisa et.al. 2014.Science Learner’s Module. First Edition. Pasig City:
Department of Education

Chemistry LibreTexts. 2020. Covalent Bonds. [online] Available at:

<https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chem
istry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_C
hemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Covale
nt_Bonds> [Accessed 10 November 2020].

Courses.lumenlearning.com. 2020. Covalent Bonding | Chemistry For Majors.

[online] Available at:
<https://courses.lumenlearning.com/chemistryformajors/
chapter/covalent-bonding-2/> [Accessed 10 November 2020].

Martin, Purita R. 2007. Connecting with Science Chemistry. Makati City: Salesiana
Books.

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Santos, Gil Nonato et.al 2003. E-Chemistry III: The Next Generation. Manila: Rex
Book Store, Inc.

Sciencedirect.com. 2020. Covalent Bond - An Overview | Sciencedirect Topics.

[online] Available at:
<https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/covalent-
bond#:~:text=A%20covalent%20bond%20forms%20when,atoms%20togethe
r%20in%20molecular%20units.> [Accessed 10 November 2020].

Study.com. 2020. [online] Available at:

<https://study.com/academy/lesson/covalent-compounds-properties-
naming-formation.html> [Accessed 10 November 2020].

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Review
1. 6C = 1s2 2s2 2p2
2. 38Sr = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2
3. 23V = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
4. 53I = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5
5. 26Fe = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
6. Zinc (30Zn)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
7. Cadmium (48Cd)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10
8. Barium (56Ba)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2
9. Gold (79Au)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d9
10. Aluminum (13Al)= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
Key to Corrections
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Assessment Independent Practice: Name it, to Win it
1. A A. Naming of Ionic Compounds
2. B 1. Zinc Iodide
3. C 2. Sodium Fluoride
4. D 3. Copper Phosphide
5. C 4. Calcium Nitride
6. A 5. Barium Sulfide
7. D
8. A B. Naming of Covalent Compounds
9. D 6. Carbon Tetrachloride
10. C 7. Oxygen Gas
11. C 8. Nitrogen Trichloride
12. B 9. Dinitrogen Trioxide
13. A 10. Tetraphosphorous Hexoxide
14. B
15. D
 Acknowledgment
The Schools Division of Zambales would like to express its heartfelt
gratitude to the following, who in one way or the other, have contributed to the
successful preparation, development, quality assurance, printing, and distribution
of the Quarter 2 Guided Learning Activity Kits (GLAKs) in all learning areas across
grade levels as a response to providing the learners with developmentally-
appropriate, contextualized and simplified learning resources with most essential
learning competencies (MELCs)-based activities anchored on the principles of
guided learning and explicit instruction:

First, the Learning Resources (LR) Development Team composed of the

writers and graphic artists for devoting much of their time and exhausting their
best efforts to produce these indispensable learning kits used for the
implementation of learning delivery modalities.

Second, the content editors, language reviewers, and layout evaluators

making up the Division Quality Assurance Team (DQAT) for having carefully
evaluated all GLAKs to ensure quality and compliance to DepEd standards;

Third, the Provincial Government of Zambales, for unceasingly extending its

financial assistance to augment the funds for the printing of these learning
resources for use by learners and parents at home;

Fourth, the teacher-advisers and subject teachers, in close coordination

with the school heads, for their weekly distribution and retrieval of the GLAKs and
for their frequent monitoring of the learners’ progress through various means; and

Finally, the parents and other home learning facilitators for giving the
learners the needed guidance and support for them to possibly accomplish the
tasks and for gradually helping them become independent learners.

To deliver learning continuity in this challenging circumstance would not be

possible without your collective effort and strong commitment to serving our
Zambaleño learners.

Again, our sincerest thanks!

The Management Team

 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III – Division of Zambales

Learning Resource Management Section (LRMS)
Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel/Fax No. (047) 602 1391