SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

AND USE OF RESOURCES

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TERMS AND CONCEPTS
Population Depopulation
Birth Rate Population Density
Death Rate Population distribution
Natural Increase Dependency ratio
Life expectancy Employment
Infant Mortality Rate Underemployment
Fertility Rate Employable
Migration Labour Force
Immigration Population Census
Emigration Human Resource
Net migration Resource
Brain drain Sustainable Development
Urbanization

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A Resource is described as anything, living or non living
that can be used by people.

Development is changing the way how a resource is

used.

Sustainable Development
 the use of resources without depleting them – making
sure there is enough left for future generations to use.

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 Resources

HUMAN PHYSICAL
RESOURCES (NATURAL)
RESOURCES

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Selected topics
3.1 Resources 3.15 Education and human resources
3.2 Population 3.16 Sports, culture and human
3.3 The census resources
3.4 Population density 3.17 Jobs and careers
3.5 Population growth 3.18 Looking for work
3.6 Birth and death rates 3.19 Rights and responsibilities
3.7 The population pyramid 3.20 Employee or entrepreneur?
3.8 Population problems 3.21 Employment and
3.9 Migration unemployment
3.10 Internal migration 3.24 Reducing unemployment
3.11 Caribbean migration 3.25 Natural resources
3.12 International migration 3.26 Resources and development
3.13 Human resources 3.27 Pollution and climate change

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Natural and human resources
Natural resources

 Soil
 Climate
 Rivers and fresh water
 Forests and wildlife
 Marine resources
 Mineral resources, such as:
 Oil and natural gas
 Bauxite
 Gold and diamonds

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Human resources

 Human resources are needed

to develop a country’s natural
resources.
 A population and its
characteristics:
 Population size
 Population growth and
change
 Health and education
 Values and attitudes

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 Population
The number of people living in area

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World population

The English-speaking * The study of the

Caribbean had close to 7 population is called
million people in 2011. DEMOGRAPHY
The world had 7 billion
people, one thousand
times as many.
Jamaica has 2.7million in
2011

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Population groups
We can look at groups
within the population:
by age
by gender
by occupation
by ethnicity
by religion
… and in many other ways.

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Ethnic groups in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago

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 The census
The count of the number of people
living in a country on Census Day

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 The population census
Countries complete a census every ten years.
Enumerators (people who work for the collection
agency) collect information on every individual
and household.
Data is entered on a computer system.
A census report gives information about the
country and each local district.
Information about individuals is not published.
Census information helps plan provision of
schools, housing and other facilities.

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Questions
1. Give THREE reasons for the importance of the
National Census.

2 The human resource is considered the most

important resource. Explain why you think this is so.

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 3.4 Population density

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 Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Population distribution and density

Population distribution describes where people
live.
Population density is the number of people per
square kilometer.
Population density is low in mountainous, forested
or very dry areas, and in wetlands.
Population density is usually high where jobs are
available, and in areas where it is pleasant to live.

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People of Jamaica

Urban population distribution 52 percent (2005 estimate)

Rural population distribution 48 percent (2005 estimate)

Largest cities, with population Kingston, 575,000 (2003 estimate)

Spanish Town, 131,060 (2001)
Montego Bay, 83,446 (1991)
Chief religious affiliations Protestant, 61 percent
Roman Catholic, 4 percent
Hindu, 1 percent
Life expectancy 73 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 15
deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate)

(source: Microsoft Encarta 2007)

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 Calculating Population Density
Number of people
Population Density = Size of area (km2)

Eg. Jamaica = 2,700,000

10991 km2
= 246 persons per sq.km

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 3.5 Population growth

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Population change
The population of the Calculating growth rates
world is increasing. + Birth rate
In any country, the rate of  Death rate
population change
= Natural increase
depends on birth rate,
death rate, natural
increase and migration. + Natural increase
With a high birth rate and + Immigration
inward migration, the  Emigration
population increases = Population change
rapidly.

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 Birth and death rates

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 Birth and death rates
In most countries, birth Life expectancy in
rates have decreased. many countries has
Most women have increased to 70 or more.
smaller families than Improved sanitation and
in the past. living conditions have
When the fertility rate reduced infant
for each woman is 2.0, mortality.
the population remains
approximately stable.

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 3.7 The population pyramid

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 Trinidad & Tobago Population pyramids
1950: young and growing
population

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2010: stable population
with fewer children

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The demographic transition model

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 Population problems

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Population problems
With a high and rising With a low or falling
population population
 Unemployment  Few roads or other transport
 Shortage of school places facilities
 Shortage of housing  Expensive to transport crops
 Inadequate water supply to a distant market
 Farms subdivided until they  Difficult to provide schools,
are too small to support a clinics and electricity for a
family scattered population
 Too many young people  Few businesses or
migrate to the cities employment opportunities

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 3.9 Migration

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 Migration: push and pull factors
Push factors Pull factors
 Unemployment  Job opportunities
 Low wages  Higher earnings
 No education opportunities  Good schools, universities
 Restricted society  Social opportunities,
 Crime and conflict entertainment, sport
 Natural disasters and  Peaceful surroundings
pollution  Safe, clean environment

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 3.10 Internal migration

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 Internal migration within a country
Twentieth century: migration to the capital city in
search of jobs and opportunities.
Return flow: migration back to rural areas, for
example on retirement.
Today: migration to suburban areas with land for new
residential development.
Many Caribbean cities are now losing population.

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Urbanisation
Urbanisation is an
increase in the
proportion of the
population living in
towns and cities.
In many countries, cities
are still growing rapidly
because of migration
and urbanisation.

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 3.11 Caribbean migration

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Caribbean migration

Migrants leave countries with low wages or high

unemployment.
Migrants move to countries with opportunities for
work or study.
Some migrants move for family or other reasons, not
mainly for works.
The Caribbean Single Market allows many people to
move freely within the region.

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 3.12 International migration

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International migration
Caribbean people have migrated to North America,
Europe and elsewhere.
Many migrants seek work or educational
opportunities. Some move for family reasons.
Cities such as New York and Toronto have strong
communities of Caribbean origin.
There is migration into the Caribbean from North
America, Europe, China and elsewhere.

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 What are the consequences…
For the migrant?
For the country of
origin?
For the destination
country?

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For the migrant …
Positive consequences Negative consequences
 Work opportunities  May be hard to find work
 Higher salaries  Difficult to find housing
 Educational opportunities  Higher living costs
 Social and cultural  Distractions from study
opportunities  Unfamiliar culture
 Reunited with family  Less contact with home and
members already overseas family
 Danger of racism
 Colder climate

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 For the country of origin …
Positive consequences
 Money sent as remittances.
For some Caribbean
countries, this is the main
source of foreign exchange.
 Migrants may return with
new skills and qualifications.
 Migrants may return with
savings to invest.
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Negative consequences
 “Brain drain”. Well-educated
and energetic people leave
the country.
 Children and elderly people
may be left behind, and lose
contact with their relatives.
 For the destination country …
Positive consequences Negative consequences
 Workers are available, many  There may be a housing
of them with useful skills. shortage.
 New workers and customers  Some people dislike social
help businesses prosper. change and new cultures.
 New cultural input from
migrants enriches the way of
life and adds variety.

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 3.13 Human resources

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 Developing human resources
People are more Organizations and groups
productive if they are: that can develop human
healthy resources:
well educated the family
creative the school
honest the government
good at working businesses
together in a group community groups

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 3.15 Education and human
resources

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 Education and human resources
Education can develop people’s full potential.
Education, training, and retraining continue
throughout a career.

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 3.16 Sports, culture and human
resources

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 Sports, culture, human resources
Sports and culture allow
people to develop their
potential and contribute
to regional development.
Many organizations
assist the development
of sports and culture.

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 3.17 Jobs and careers

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 Jobs and careers
Income to pay for needs and wants may come from
employment, a business, or another source.
A job may meet immediate needs, or form part of a
long-term career plan.
A career plan should consider your needs, interests,
abilities and ambitions.

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 3.18 Looking for work

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 Looking for work
Collect information from family, friends, school and
other sources.
Develop a long-term career plan.
Decide which work or educational opportunities are
most suitable for you.
Prepare your written application carefully.
Prepare well if called for an interview.

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 3.19 Rights and responsibilities

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Rights and responsibilities at work

Rights Responsibilities
 To receive payment in full  To carry out agreed duties to
and on time (minus tax and best standard possible
statutory deductions)  To follow health and safety
 To work in a safe and healthy procedures
environment  To treat fellow employees
 To be treated fairly, with no fairly, with no discrimination
discrimination  To work agreed hours
 To receive sick pay, holidays
and other entitlements

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 3.20 Employee or
entrepreneur?

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 Employee or entrepreneur?
Employee Entrepreneur
 No funds needed to begin  Funds needed for equipment,
 Earnings from start goods and rent
 Overtime, vacation, sick pay  Long working hours
 Workers may earn promotion  Must meet customer and
 Retirement pension supplier expectations
 Set rules for dress code and  Substantial profit if business
behaviour succeeds
 Usually no share in profits  Owner can meet creative
objectives

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 3.21 Employment and
unemployment

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 Causes of unemployment
Cyclical Lack of capital for
unemployment: when investment.
the economy is Lack of skills.
depressed. Seasonal
Cuts in government unemployment.
spending, e.g. on health Frictional
or construction. unemployment: when
Loss of export markets. people change jobs.
Technology and
mechanization.

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 3.24 Reducing unemployment

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 Reducing unemployment
Government spending Encouraging small
on social services or business and agriculture.
construction projects.
Short-term job creation Encouraging large-scale
schemes. investments by
Training and education businesses.
schemes.

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 Resources and development
Standard of living Renewable resources
measures goods and must be used and
services consumed. protected.
Quality of life includes Non-renewable
health, education, resources must be used
culture, environment. carefully.
Sustainable Environmental
development can be damage can threaten
maintained for many human society and well-
years without damaging being.
the environment.

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