Module-7

Pavement Design
Standards
 GENERAL

• In our daily life, we follow some

standards which are universally
acceptable. The significance is to
measure a particular work from different
organizations on same parameters. This
leads to simplification of various
unforeseen problems that might be
faced in relevance.
• When products meet our expectations,
we tend to take this for granted. We are
usually unaware of the role played by
standards in raising Levels of quality,
safety, reliability, efficiency and
interchangeability - as well as in
providing such benefits at an economical
cost.
• Standards make an enormous
contribution to most aspects of our lives
- although very often, that contribution
is invisible. For example, as purchasers
or users of products, we soon notice
when they turn out to be of poor
quality, do not fit, are incompatible with
equipment we already have, are
unreliable or dangerous.
 STANDARDS FOLLOWED
• Different standards are being followed
internationally by different countries,
which suit their environmental conditions
and other resources.
• Following are the different standards.
– British Standards
• Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL)
Road Note 31.
– USA Standards
• AASHTO (American Association of State Highway &
Transportation Officials).
 BRITISH STANDARDS
• Factors involved in formulating design
suitable for a particular situation are
– Present Commercial Traffic
– Growth rate of commercial traffic
– Design life
– ESAL’s
– Thickness of different pavement layers
 USA STANDARDS
• AASHTO Guide for design is the standards
followed in USA.

The major difference in the USA and British

standards is the concept of failure criterion.
In British standards, the failure conditions
are deformation and cracking whereas in
USA, failure is defined in terms of quality of
ride, known as Present Serviceability Index
(PSI).
 PAVEMENT STANDARDS
• Standards for design and construction of
pavements must be followed for the activities
listed below;
– Material Testing
– Allowable Pavement Construction Materials
– Pavement Design
– Flexible Pavement Design
– Rigid Pavement Design
– Sub-grade Preparation
– Pavement Width
–Grades
–Sight Distances
–Curbs and Gutters
–Side Walks
–Driveways, Driveway Aprons and
Loading-Unloading Berths,
Storage Areas and Parking Lots
 Material Testing
• Prior to the installation of the bituminous
surface course, but after installation of
the binder course, the contractor or
developer shall furnish the authority with
a copy of a pavement evaluation
program report of the completed
pavement improvements.
 Allowable Pavement
Construction Materials
• Portland cement concrete shall be proportioned
according to the applicable sections of the State Standard
Specifications and shall be designed for a minimum 28
days compressive strength of 3500 P.S.I. Air entrainment
shall be 4-7% and slump between 2” to 4”.

• Table 2 indicates the approved materials which can be

used for roadway construction. Listed with these
materials are the coefficients to be used for approved
pavement structural number. The coefficients, when
multiplied by the thickness of the materials, will yield the
structural number.
Table 2

ALLOWABLE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Structural Materials Strength Requirements Coefficients

M.S. *I.B.R. P.S.I.

Bituminous Surface:    

Class I 1700 0.4

Base Course:    

Aggregate, Type B    

Uncrushed 50 0.1

Crushed (100%) 80 0.13

Aggregate, Type A 80 0.13

Water-bound Macadam 110 0.14

Bituminous    

Aggregate Mixture 900-1900 0.24 - 0.33

Bituminous Mixture    

Class I 1700 0.33

Portland Cement    

Concrete (New) 3500** 0.5

* Marshall stability
** 28 day design compressive strength
 Pavement Design
• All pavements must be designed in accordance with
the previously referenced standards and manuals of
the Department of Transportation. The design
thickness shall be dependent on the soil support value
and the projected traffic factor.
• All sub-grade material shall have a minimum California
Bearing Ratio (CBR) of 2.5. Sub-grade material having
CBR less than 2.5 shall be removed and replaced with a
suitable fill material, or the pavement must be
designed to compensate for the soil conditions. The
soil support CBR values selected for use by the
designer shall represent a minimum value for the soil
to be used.
 Flexible Pavement Design
• The design of all flexible pavements shall be based
on the minimum structural design number for the
type of road in question.
• A minimum of 2.5”of compacted asphalt is required
on all pavements with a structural number of 3.00-
3.99. This surface shall consist of 1” wearing surface,
and 1.5” of binder course.
• Pavements with a structural number of 4.00-
4.99 will require 3.0” of asphalt. This surface
shall consist of 1” wearing surface and 2” of
binder.
• After receipt of the pavement evaluation
program report, the authority reviews the
reports and performs an inspection of the
existing base and binder courses. All base and
binder course failures will then be repaired to
the authority’s satisfaction. This may include,
but not be limited to, crack grouting, crack
filling and crack sealing.
 Rigid Pavement Design
• The design of all concrete pavements shall be
based on the minimum thickness as determined
by multiplying by the structural coefficient (0.5)
for concrete pavements (Table 2).

• The thickness shall be rounded up to the nearest

0.5”. Concrete pavement shall be reinforced with
rigid wire mesh (6” X 6”) #6 rigid fabric, if
required.
 SUBGRADE PREPARATION
• The sub-grade of all roads shall be graded and rolled in
accordance with Section 212 of the Standard
Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction,
(latest edition) by the Department of Transportation,
hereinafter referred to as "State Standard
Specifications.
• At least one standard density test (performed in
accordance with AASHTO-T99) shall be taken in each
fill section, with the maximum distance between tests
of 300 ft. One standard proctor test shall be taken
from each different source of borrowed material.
 Pavement Width
• There should be proper width as required as
well as the ends of the road may contain the
curb stones of concrete.
• Driveways to individual residential buildings do
not require curb and gutter or concrete barrier
curb. Driveways to all other buildings require
combination of concrete curb and gutter or
concrete barrier curb.
Table 1
PAVEMENT DESIGN AND RIGHT-OF-WAY WIDTH CHART
Street Minimum Width (Back of Minimum Minimum
Classification Right-of-Way Curb to Back Crown Structural
  Width of Curb)   Number
Freeway/ As determined by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) or Illinois State Toll
Highway Authority (ISTHA)
Expressway
Major Arterial 100' 48' or 2-24' 5" 4
w/median strip
Minor Arterial 80'--100' 48' 5" 4
Major Collector 80' 40' 5" 3.5
Minor Collector        
a. Residential Area 60' 32' 4" 3
b. Industrial Area 66' 40' 5" 3.75
c. Business Area 66' 40' 5" 3.5
Local        
a. Residential Area        
1. Cul-de-sac*        
400' or less 60' 27' 4" 3
401' to 600' 60' 32' 4" 3
2. Dedicated        
(including PUDS)        
other than No. 1 60' 32' 4" 3
above        
3. Private ---- 32' 4" 3
b. Industrial Area 66'** 40' 5" 3.75
c. Business Area 66' 40' 5" 3.5
 Grades
• The longitudinal gradient shall not be in excess
of 4% on all dedicated streets.
• Where the gradient of the street warrants
installation of vertical-type curb and other
special design of improvements due to right-of-
way conditions.
• The minimum length of vertical curves shall be
100 feet for 1.5% difference of grade. For each
additional 1% difference in grade over 1.5%, a
50-feet increment shall be added to the length
of vertical curve. If the grade difference is less
than 1.5%, a vertical curve is not required.
 Sight Distances
• The authority shall Legal Speed
Limit
Minimum Stopping
Sight Distance
(MPH) (Feet)
show at the points of
intersection of 25--30 200
proposed roads with 31--40 275
existing roads that the
41--50 350
minimum stopping
sight distance 51--60 475
indicated below for 61--70 600
the legal speed limits
is provided on existing
roads.
 Curbs and Gutters
• Barrier curb shall be utilized in all
commercial and industrial developments,
all collector streets, and on the radius of
street returns in residential areas.
• Mountable curbs can be utilized on
newly constructed, local residential
streets.
 Sidewalks
• Sidewalks shall be constructed of Portland
cement concrete in accordance with Section-
624 of the State Standard Specifications. Said
sidewalks shall be 5 ft. in width on all streets
with a pavement (back-to-back) greater than 32
ft. and 4 ft. in width in all other locations. The
sidewalks shall be a minimum of five inches
thick.
• Sidewalks are required along both sides of all
streets
 Driveways, Driveway Aprons etc.
• Driveways
– Driveways for single-family residential buildings be
a minimum of 9 ft. in width.
– Driveways for residential buildings must be
constructed of a minimum of 2” bituminous
concrete surface over 6” aggregate base course
(crushed) or 4” concrete pavement. The grade or
pitch of driveways shall not be toward or in the
direction of the residence.
– Driveways for commercial or industrial
buildings shall be constructed of 1” of
bituminous surface and one and one-half
inches of bituminous concrete binder over
either 10” of crushed stone or 5” bitumen
aggregate mixture (BAM) at 1900 Marshall
Stability.
– Residential historic landmarks may retain
any currently existing gravel driveways.
• Aprons
– Aprons for residential building shall be
constructed of either a minimum of 5” of non-
reinforced concrete pavement or 2” of
bituminous concrete surface over 8” of crushed
stone.
– Aprons for commercial or industrial buildings
shall be constructed of a minimum of 8”
reinforced concrete (6” X 6”) #6 rigid fabric on a
2” base of grade-9 gravel.
• Loading-unloading berths
– Berths provided in non-residential areas for
loading and unloading of materials or
merchandise from vehicles must be constructed
of a minimum 8” reinforced concrete pavement.
• Pavement requirements for storage areas
– All outside areas used for the storage of
materials, products or vehicles in non-residential
areas shall be a minimum 6” reinforced concrete
pavement (6” X 6”) #6 rigid fabric.
• Resurfacing and widening
– A minimum of 1” of bituminous concrete
surface overlay will be permitted over
existing driveways, aprons, loading and
unloading berths, and storage areas.
• Parking lots
– Base course construction and surfacing.
This design shall pertain to all open off-
street parking areas and aisles, except
parking spaces.
– Surface course shall be a minimum of 1”
bituminous concrete surface course,
compacted.
– Binder course shall be a minimum of 1” and
1.5” bituminous concrete binder course,
compacted. The binder course and surface
course shall be laid in two lifts.
– Base course shall be a minimum of 10” of
crushed stone, or 5” of bituminous aggregate
mixture (BAM) at a minimum Marshall Stability
of 1900, compacted.