Capacity Management

Outline

 Overview

 Capacity Management Functions

- Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling
- Admission Control
- Congestion Control
 Overview
Capacity Management is responsible for the control of the load
in the cell. It consists of 3 main functions:
 Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling: tracks utilization of critical
resources of the system.
 Admission Control: accepts/refuses admission requests based on the
current load on the dedicated monitored resources and the characteristics of the
request
 Congestion Control: detects/resolves overload situations

Congestion Control Admission Control

Parameters
Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling

Capacity Management
 Overview
Capacity Management Architecture Overview

 Capacity Management functionality is located in the RNC.

 The controlling RNC is responsible for the load and congestion control of its cells and the execution
of the admission control.
 Dedicated Monitored Resources
The Dedicated Monitored Resources Handling function is
responsible for collecting and providing information about the
utilization of resources that are critical to the load of the cell:
 by performing event-based and periodic measurements
 by keeping track of every link setup, addition, deletion and
modification in the cell.

Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling

Monitoring Algorithm
Update Cell Load Information
→Downlink channelization codes Monitor
→Histogram Monitor
→Downlink Transmitted Carrier Power
→All interface Speech Equivalents (ASEs)
→Uplink Received Total Wideband Power (RTWP)
→RBS hardware utilization

Measurements
 Dedicated Monitored Resources
Resources monitored under the Capacity Management scope:

 Downlink Channelization Codes Monitor: provides a measure for code tree utilization in DL.

 Histogram Monitor: keeps track of

- SF usage in the DL: tracks the number of connections using a certain SF (except SF=16, reserved for HSDPA
connections).
- SF usage in the UL
- Number of Compressed Mode radio links: used to avoid too much interference from the compressed mode radio
users.
- Number of users allocated to the HS-DSCH
 Dedicated Monitored Resources

 Downlink Transmitted Carrier Power Monitor : monitors the total amount of Non-HS downlink transmitted carrier power in the cell.

 All interface Speech Equivalent (ASE) Monitor:

Monitor: accounts for the air interface resources usage for DL and UL. The ASE of a radio link
depends on the connection type and is expressed in terms of the equivalent number of speech radio bearers that generate the same amount of air
interface load.

 Uplink received total wideband power (RTWP): provides information to Congestion Control regarding uplink interference.

 RBS Hardware Monitor: HW is a limited resource that depends on the amount of installed HW (channel elements) and the licensing restrictions.
 Admission Control
 Admission control accepts or refuses requests for utilization of dedicated
monitored resources. It is performed on cell basis.

 The admission requests are initiated when:

- A new connection is set up.
- An existing connection is modified.
- Soft Handover is performed.

 The request for admission specifies the amount of resources that the radio
connection requires:
- Setup type: handover or new connection.
- Service Class: guaranteed, guaranteed-hs or non-guaranteed service.
- Compressed mode resources requested if any.
- Downlink Transmitted Carrier Power requested if any.
- Downlink Channelization Code resources requested if any.
- ASEs in uplink and downlink if any.

The requirements are compared to the available resources and the configured
limits for admission and the access is granted or denied.
 Admission Control
RAB request over the Iur interface
1. RAB request sent from SRNC
to CRNC by means of RNSAP
message over the Iur interface.
2. RNSAP is converted into RBs
and DCHs attributes.
3. Required monitored resources
are estimated on the basis of
the set of DCHs and admission
requested for those resources.
4. If request is admitted, the
CRNC allocates necessary
resources.
5. Admission Control informs
SRNC by means of RNSAP
message.
 Admission Control
 Admission control is responsible for
- Dividing the available resources among the non-guaranteed connections.
- Differentiating access to guaranteed, guaranteed-hs and non-guaranteed
connections.
- Reserving part of the dedicated monitored resources for handover connections.

Non-guaranteed Guaranteed Guaranteed-hs

Traffic class ‘background ‘ or Traffic class ‘conversational’ or
‘interactive’ ‘streaming’ HSDPA service
(Example: FTP and internet (Example: speech and video
web services) services)

Non- Best effort services. New New connections New connections.

Handover connections.

Handover Best effort services. Add radio Add radio link for existing Add radio link for
link for existing connections in connections in new cells. existing connection in
new cells. new cell.

Combinations of requests for admission depending on setup type and service class
 Admission Control
The Downlink Channelization Code Admission Policy
Code blocking for non-handover requests is performed to reserve codes for users in
handover.
Non-guaranteed admission requests are
blocked when
DL Code Usage > dlCodeAdm -
beMarginDlCode

Guaranteed admission requests are

blocked when
DL Code Usage > dlCodeAdm

When a request is blocked on the downlink channelization code admission, the soft
congestion mechanism is triggered.
 Admission Control
Trial: Downlink Code Admission
Settings:
 beMarginDlCode=0
 DlCodeAdmin=variable
Results:
DlCodeAdm beMarginDlCode
No. (%) (%) Result
1 2 0 RRC Connection Setup Rejected
2 3 0 RRC Connection Setup Rejected

3 4 0 Voice call admitted, PS call rejected

4 35 0 Voice call admitted, PS call rejected

SRB admitted, PDP context
5 37 0 activation rejected.
SRB admitted, PDP context
6 39 0 activation rejected.
7 40 0 PS Call admitted up to 384 Kbps
 Admission Control
The Histogram Admission Policy
Controls the SF usage in DL and UL at cell level, the number of radio links in
compressed mode and the number of simultaneous HS-serving links in a cell.
Non-guaranteed Service Class in DL
Requests demanding SF8 are blocked
when usage of SF8 > sf8Adm
Requests demanding SF16 are blocked
when usage of SF16 > sf16Adm
Requests demanding SF32 are blocked
when usage of SF32 > sf32Adm
 Admission Control
The Histogram Admission Policy (cont)
Guaranteed Service Class in DL
Requests demanding SF16 in DL (streaming PS16/128 radio connection type)
are blocked when usage of SF16 > sf16gAdm

By setting this parameter, the access for high and low consuming guaranteed
services can be differentiated.

Guaranteed-hs Service Class in UL

Requests demanding SF4 in UL (PS384/HS radio connection type)
are blocked when usage of SF4 > sf4AdmUl

In cells where the optional PS384/HS radio connection is activated, this

parameter may be reduced if the uplink experiences problems.
 Admission Control
The Histogram Admission Policy (cont)
Compressed Mode Radio Links Limits
Requests demanding a radio link in compressed mode are blocked when
Current number of radio links > compModeAdm

The presence of connections using SF/2 compressed mode may degrade the quality
of the common channels. That may be avoided by adjusting compModeAdm.

Number of Simultaneous HS-Serving Links Limits

The number of users allocated to the HS-DSCH may be limited to ensure sufficient
end-to-end quality. Admission request will be blocked when
number of users assigned to the HS-DSCH > hsdpaUsersAdm
 Admission Control
Trial: Histogram Admission
Settings:
 sf32Adm= 32
 sf16Adm= 16 , 8
 sf8Adm= 8 , 0

Results:

No. sf32Adm s16Adm sf8Adm Max Throughput (Kbps)

1 32 16 8 384
2 32 16 0 128
3 32 0 0 64
 Admission Control
The Downlink Transmitted Carrier Power Admission Policy
This admission policy controls the downlink power utilized by R99 connections.

Non-Guaranteed, Non-Handover requests are

blocked when
DTCP > pwrAdm - beMarginDlpwr

Guaranteed, Non-Handover & Non-Guaranteed,

Handover requests are blocked when
DTCP > pwrAdm

Guaranteed, Handover & Guaranteed-hs

requests are blocked when
DTCP > pwrAdm + pwrAdmOffset

When a request is blocked on the DL Transmitted Carrier Power policy, the soft
congestion mechanism is triggered.
 Admission Control
Trial: Downlink Transmitted Carried Power Admission
Settings:
 beMarginDlPower=0
 pwrAdmOffset=0
 pwrAdm=variable
 maxpwerMax=15

Results:
beMarginDlPwr pwrAdmOffset maxPwrMax
No. pwrAdm (%) (%) (%) (dB) Result

1 13 0 0 4.8 RRC Connection Setup Rejected

2 16 0 0 4.8 RRC Connection Setup Rejected

Signalling Radio Bearer admitted,

3 17 0 0 4.8 but PDP context activation blocked
4 18 0 0 4.8 PS call admitted up to 64Kbps
5 18 0 0 15 PS call admitted up to 384Kbps
 Admission Control
The ASE Admission Policy
Provides information of air interface usage per radio link type in cell for DL and UL.
The UL ASE Admission Policy
Non-Guaranteed, Non-Handover requests are
blocked when
ASE UL Usage > aseUlAdm - beMarginAseUl

Guaranteed, Non-Handover & Non-Guaranteed,

Handover requests are blocked when
ASE UL Usage > aseUlAdm

Guaranteed, Handover & Guaranteed-hs requests ar

blocked when
ASE UL Usage > aseUlAdm + aseUlAdmOffset

ASE is the only resource for admission control on the UL

 Admission Control
The DL ASE Admission Policy
Non-Guaranteed, Non-Handover requests are
blocked when
ASE DL Usage > aseDlAdm - beMarginAseDl

Non-Guaranteed, Handover & Guranteed &

Guaranteed-hs requests are blocked when
ASE DL Usage > aseDlAdm
 Admission Control
Trial: ASE Admission
Settings:
 dlCodeAdm=100
 beMarginDlCode=0
 beMarginAseUl=0
 aseUlAdm=500
 beMarginDlPwr=0

Results:

No aseDlAdm Result
1 1 CS Voice rejected, PS Rejected
2 2 CS Voice rejected, PS Rejected
3 3 CS Voice admitted, PS Rejected
4 9 PS call admitted up to 64Kbps
5 19 PS call admitted up to 128Kbps
6 41 PS call admitted up to 384Kbps
 Admission Control
The RBS Hardware Admission Policy
Provides information of hardware usage in a local cell group for DL and UL

The UL RBS Hardware Admission Policy

Non-Guaranteed, Non-Handover requests are

blocked when
UL HW Usage > ulHwAdm - beMarginUlHw

Guaranteed, Non-Handover & Non-Guaranteed,

Handover & Guaranteed-hs, Non-Handover
requests are blocked when
UL HW Usage > ulHwAdm

Guaranteed, Handover & Guaranteed-hs,Handover

requests are blocked when UL HW usage arrives
at 100%
 Admission Control
The DL RBS Hardware Admission Policy

Non-Guaranteed, Non-Handover requests are

blocked when
DL Hardware Usage > dlHwAdm - beMarginDlHw

Guaranteed, Non-Handover & Non-Guaranteed,

Handover & Guaranteed-hs, Non-Handover requests
are blocked when
DL Hardware Usage > dlHwAdm

Guaranteed, Handover & Guaranteed-hs,Handover

requests are blocked when DL HW usage arrives at
100%

When a request is blocked on the DL RBS Admission, the soft congestion

mechanism is triggered.
 Admission Control
Soft Congestion Mechanism

 TheSoft Congestion Mechanism is triggered when a request for

admission is blocked.

 This mechanism consists of down-switching an non-guaranteed

connection to a lower rate after
₋ a guaranteed admission control is blocked
₋ a guaranteed-hs admission control is blocked
₋ a non-guaranteed admission control of a lower rate is blocked

 The Soft Congestion mechanism targets connections originating

over the Iu interface (present product not able to down-switch
connections originating over the Iur interface)
 Admission Control
Soft Congestion Mechanism (cont)
 Soft congestion triggered by non-guaranteed request blocking
The rate of an existing connection is reduced depending on the requested
downlink rate:
₋ request for 384 kbps blocked → not affect existing connections in cell
₋ request for 128 kbps blocked → reduce exiting 384 kbps to 128 kbps
₋ request for 64 kbps blocked reduce 384 kbps to 128 kbps
or (if not 384 kbps connections available)
reduce 128 kbps to 64 kpbs

 Soft Congestion triggered by guaranteed request blocking

The non-guaranteed connections are targeted in decreasing order of their
downlink rate (first 384 kbps connections are reduced, then 128 kbps
connections are targeted, …)
 Congestion Control
Congestion Control Detection

 Congestion is detected in the RNC by means of

measurements of the Downlink Transmitted Carrier Power
and the Uplink Received Total Wideband Power.

 The Downlink Transmitted Carrier Power is continuously

measured. When the power goes above a predefined
threshold, an event–based measurement is sent to the
RNC. As long as the power is above the threshold, an
event – based report is sent to the RNC every second.
 Congestion Control
DL Cell Congestion Detection

DL congestion is solved when the DTCP is below the setup threshold for longer
that the hysteresis time or until next periodic event-based measurement
indicating DTCP below threshold arrives.
 Congestion Control
UL Cell Congestion Detection

UL congestion is solved when the Uplink RTWP is below the setup threshold for
longer that the hysteresis time or until next periodic event-based measurement
indicating URTWP below threshold arrives.
 Congestion Control
Congestion Resolve Handling
 Congestion Control
Congestion resolve actions in mixed services congested cell:

 Non-guaranteed connections are targeted immediately: their

rate is decreased

 If congestion persists and there are no more Non-guaranteed

connections, the resolve actions start for Guaranteed-hs
connections. They will be dropped.

 The guaranteed services are the last ones to be targeted by

Congestion control. The resolve actions on Guaranteed services
are more severe, causing the drop of the connections.
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