Networking Basics 2018

Networking Basics
© CSS Corp | Confidential –| For private circulation and viewing only | www.csscorp.com
www.csscorp.com 1 Customer Engagement Reimagined
Classroom Etiquette
 No talking, unless your participation is requested by the trainer.

 Use good posture.
 Noises off - Turn off cell phones.
 Turn of the Computer Monitor and any other gadgets.
 Avoid other sounds that can disturb the people around you and the trainer.
 Pay attention to the lecture.
 Use notepad to take notes.
 Dispose of trash, including chewed gum, in waste containers.
© CSS Corp | Confidential – For private circulation and viewing only || www.csscorp.com
Computer Network
 A computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware devices that
are linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-
sharing among a wide range of users.
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Need For Networking
• Cost-effective resource sharing

• Cut costs on software
• Utilize a Centralized Database
• Securing valuable information
• Access flexibility
• Network gaming
• Voice over IP (VoIP)
Transmission Types
• Unicast
• Multicast
• Broadcast
© CSS Corp | Confidential – For private circulation and viewing only | www.csscorp.com Customer Engagement Reimagined
Transmission Modes
• Simplex
• Full Duplex
• Half Duplex
Networking Types
Peer to Peer Client - Server

The peer-to-peer network is created when two or The client/server model is a form of distributed
more PCs are connected and share resources without computing where one program, the client, communicates
going through a separate server computer. with another program, the server, for the purpose of
exchanging information.
Topology
 Network topology is the arrangement of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a communication network.
Physical topology is the placement of the various components of a network (e.g., device location and cable
installation)
Logical topology illustrates how data flows within a network.
Physical Topology
RING STAR BUS MESH
HYBRID
Ring Topology
 A ring topology is a bus topology in a closed loop. Data travels around the ring in one direction. When
one node sends data to another, the data passes through each intermediate node on the ring until it
reaches its destination. The intermediate nodes repeat (re-transmit) the data to keep the signal strong.
Token
Star Topology
 In Star topology, every node is connected to a central node called hub, router or switch. It can be said
that every computer is indirectly connected to every other node with the help of the central node.
Bus Topology
 Each node is connected to a single cable, with the help of interface connectors. This central cable is the backbone
of the network and is known as the bus. A signal from the source travels in both directions to all machines
connected on the bus cable until it finds the intended recipient.
Mesh Topology
 A mesh network is a local network topology in which the infrastructure nodes connect directly to as many
other nodes as possible and cooperate with one another to efficiently route data from/to clients.
Hybrid Topology
 A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two or more differing network
topologies.
Network Technologies
WAN
MAN
LAN
Network Technologies
• A LAN is a group of computers and network devices connected together, usually within the same
building.
• A MAN is a larger network that usually spans several buildings in the same city or town.
• A WAN is not restricted to a geographical location and connects several LANs.
LAN Technologies
Name IEEE Standard Data Rate Media Type Maximum
Distance
Ethernet 802.3 10 Mbps 10Base-T 100 meters
Fast Ethernet/ 802.3u 100 Mbps 100Base-TX 100 meters

100Base-T 100Base-FX 2000 meters
Gigabit Ethernet/ 802.3z 1000 Mbps 1000Base-T 100 meters

GigE 1000Base-SX 275/550 meters
1000Base-LX 550/5000 meters
10 Gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.3ae 10 Gbps 10GBase-SR 300 meters

10GBase-LX4 300m MMF/ 10km SMF
10GBase-LR/ER 10km/40km
10GBase-SW/LW/EW 300m/10km/40km
Ethernet Cable Types
Standard Length Speed Frequency

Cat-5 100m Upto 100MHz
100mbps
Cat-5e 100m Upto 100MHz
1000mbps
Cat-6 100m(55m for Upto 250MHz
10Gbps speed) 10Gbps
Cat-6a 100m Upto 500MHz
10Gbps
Transmission Media
Thicknet Thinnet Shielded Unshielded
Coaxial Types
Thicknet Thinnet
10 Base 5 10 Base 2
10mbps 10mbps
500metres 185metres
Supports upto 500 devices Supports upto 30 devices
Uses Vampire Connector Uses BNC Connector
Coaxial Connectors
Vampire tap BNC Connector - (Bayonet Neill–Concelman)
Twisted Pair Types
UTP STP
Cheap Costly
Thin size Bigger in Size
Less rate of speed High rate of speed
No shielding Metallic foil shield is used to reduce
EMI
Uses RJ-45 Connector Uses RJ-45 Connector
Twisted Pair Cabling Standards
Hub/Switch Router PC
Hub/Switch Crossover Straight-through Straight-through
Router Straight-through Crossover Crossover

PC Straight-through Crossover Crossover
AUTO MDI-X
 Auto MDI-X ports on newer network interfaces detect if the connection would require a crossover, and
automatically chooses the MDI or MDI-X configuration to properly match the other end of the link.
Fiber Optics
• A fiber optic cable is a network cable that contains strands of glass fibers inside an insulated casing.
• Fiber optic cables provide higher bandwidth and can transmit data over longer distances. (1Pbps*)
• The cable consists of core, which provides the pathway for light to travel. The core is surrounded by a
layer of glass called cladding that reflects light inward to avoid loss of signal and allow the light to pass
through bends in the cable.
• The two primary types of fiber cables are called single mode and multi-mode fiber.
• Single mode fiber uses laser to generate light while multi-mode fibers use LEDs.
*Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation transferred 1 Petabit per second

over 50 kilometers over a single fiber in 2012
Fiber Optics
A laser bouncing down an acrylic rod, illustrating the total internal reflection of light in a multi-mode
optical fiber.
Fiber optic cable working principle - Video
Fiber Optics
DSL Cable Standard
There are 3 types of connectors – All uses the same Jack
• RJ11 - 6P2C (six positions and two installed contacts) for single telephone
system
• RJ12 - 6P6C (six positions and six installed contacts) for key telephone
system
• RJ14 - 6P4C (six positions and four installed contacts) for dual telephone
system
Networking Devices
• Network Hub
• Network Switch
• Network Router
• Bridge
• Repeater
• Modem
Network Hub
 When a host sends a data packet to a network hub, the hub sends the data packet to all of its ports.
Pros
Connect multiple network hosts
Aids data transfer
Cons
Not secure
Slower and more congested
Network Switch
 When a packet is received at one of the interfaces of the switch, it filters the packet and sends
only to the interface of the intended receiver.
 The switch maintains a CAM (Content Addressable Memory) table, which makes it as an
Intelligent device.
Router
 A router is a network device which is

responsible for routing traffic from one to
another network.
Bridge
BRIDGE
 A bridge connects two subnetworks as a part of the same
network.
ETH0 ETH1
Repeater
 A repeater is an electronic device that amplifies the signal

it receives and retransmits it so that the signal can cover
longer distances.
Modem
 A modem stands for (Modulator+Demodulator), it modulates and demodulates

the signal between the digital data of a computer and the analog signal of a
telephone line.
Framework of Networking
Open System Interconnect Model
It is a reference model designed by International Organization for

Standardization (ISO) in 1974
OSI is a standard description for how messages should be

transmitted between any two points in a telecommunication
network
Its purpose is to guide product implementers so that their products

will consistently work with other products
Physical Layer
• First layer of the Open System Interconnection Model.
• This layer plays with most of the network’s physical
connections.
• The physical layer deals with bit-level transmission.
• It defines the hardware equipment, cabling, wiring,
frequencies, pulses used to represent binary signals etc.
Datalink Layer
• The data link layer handles the moving of data into and out of a physical link in a network.
• The data link layer has two sublayers:
 Logical link control (LLC) sublayer
 Media access control (MAC) sublayer
• LLC sublayer controls data flow and detects errors
• MAC sublayer is responsible for physical addressing of frames
Network Layer
• Network Layer selects and manages the best logical path for data
transfer between nodes.
• Logical connection setup, data forwarding, routing and delivery error
reporting are the network layer’s primary responsibilities.
• It is responsible for Logical addressing.
Transport Layer
• Transport layer is responsible for error correction and end-

to-end communication over a network.
• It performs segmentation and re-assembly.
• It provides logical communication between application
processes running on different hosts.
Session Layer
• Session Layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining and

terminating session
• Manages who can transmit data at a certain time and for how long and
tracks the dialogs between computers
• Provides synchronization services by planning check points in the data
stream
Presentation Layer
• The presentation layer is used to present data to the application layer in an

accurate, well-defined and standardized format.
• It is sometimes called the syntax layer.
• The presentation layer is responsible for:

 Data encryption/decryption
 Character/string conversion
 Data compression
 Graphic handling
Application Layer
• The application layer is a component within an application that controls the communication method
to other devices.
• It consists of protocols that focus on process-to-process communication across an IP network and
provides a firm communication interface and end-user services.
Open System Interconnect Model
Data Encapsulation in OSI
TCP/IP Model
• These protocols describe the movement of data

between the source and destination.
• They also offer simple naming and addressing
schemes.
• Support for a flexible architecture, so adding more
machines to a network was easy.
Addressing
There are two different ways of identifying a machine in a network.

• MAC address
• IP address
MAC Address
 A MAC address aka burned-in address (BIA) or Ethernet

hardware address (EHA) or physical address is 48bits in
length
Command: CMD > getmac
IP Address
• IP address is a numerical label assigned to each device

connected to a computer network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication.
• IP address serves two principal functions:
a. host or network interface identification
b. location addressing.
Versions:
IPv4 - 32 bits in length
IPv6 - 128 bits in length
IPv4 Address Representation
32-bit binary number is broken into a series of decimal numbers by converting each octet into its decimal equivalent.
Parts of an IP Address
Ambit IT park, 6th Floor
Building Name Floor No.
Each IP address is separated internally into two parts

• Network ID
• Host ID
196 . 168 . 1 . 23
Network ID Host ID
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Network ID:
 The network ID, also known as a network address, identifies a single network segment within a
larger internetwork
 All the systems that attach and share access to the same network have a common network ID within
their full IP address
 This ID is also used to uniquely identify each network within the larger internetwork
Host ID:
 The host ID, also known as a host address, identifies a node within each network
 The host ID for each device identifies a single system uniquely within its own network
Classification of IP Address
1st Octet Network/Host ID Hosts per

1st Octet Decimal Default Number of
Class High Order (N=Network, Network (Usable
Range Subnet Mask Networks
Bits H=Host) Addresses)
A 1 – 126* 0 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 126 (27 – 2) 16,777,214 (224 – 2)
B 128 – 191 10 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 16,382 (214 – 2) 65,534 (216 – 2)
C 192 – 223 110 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 2,097,150 (221 – 2) 254 (28 – 2)
D 224 – 239 1110 Reserved for Multicasting
E 240 – 254 1111 Experimental; used for research
Classification of IP Address
Class Private Networks Subnet Mask Address Range

A 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0 255.240.0.0 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
Command: CMD > ipconfig
Subnet Mask
• A subnet mask segments an existing IP address in a TCP/IP network and divides that
address into discrete network and host addresses.
• 0 Denotes Host part
• 1 Denotes Network part
Class Subnet Mask 1st Octet 2nd Octet 3rd Octet 4th Octet
Class A 255.0.0.0 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000
Class B 255.255.0.0 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Class C 255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Types of IP address
Private IP
A set of IP addresses reserved for private usage.
Public IP
All the IP addresses other than private IP addresses comes under Public IP address, and is in the control of ISP.
Static IP
An IP address that remains the same every time the computer logs on to the network.
Dynamic IP
IP address assigned to a computer every time it connects to the network and is different every time.
Loopback IP
Loop back address is used by the host computer to send a message back to itself. It is commonly used for
troubleshooting and network testing.
Broadcast IP
A broadcast address is a network address at which all devices connected to a multiple-access communications
network are enabled to receive datagrams.
Ping
• Ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test the reachability of a
host on an IP network.
• Ping operates by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packets to
the target host and waiting for an ICMP echo reply.
Latency
The amount of time it takes a packet to travel from source to
destination.
Time To Live
It determines the maximum amount of time an IP packet may live in
the network without reaching its destination
Command: CMD > ping
Traceroute
• Trace route is a utility that shows you the route through the Internet between your computer and a specified
destination computer.
• It also displays the amount of time each hop takes.
• It is a handy tool to find out where problems may lay along the path between one computer to another.
Command: CMD > tracert
ARP & RARP
• Address Resolution Protocol is a TCP/IP protocol used to convert an IP address into a physical
address (MAC Address)
• A host wishing to obtain a physical address broadcasts an ARP request onto the TCP/IP network
• The host on the network that has the address in the request then replies with its physical
hardware address
• Reverse ARP is used to resolve an IP address from the given hardware address.
Command: CMD > arp
ARP
I heard that broadcast. The

I need the Ethernet message is for me. Here is
address of my Ethernet address
192.168.2.36
192.168.2.36
192.168.2.28
IP: 192.168.2.36 = ???
IP: 192.168.2.36 = Ethernet : 00-16-17-18-42-8A
RARP
I heard that
broadcast.
Your IP
What is address is
my IP 192.168.2.56
address?
Ethernet: 00-16-17-18-42-4B IP = ???
Ethernet: 00-16-17-18-42-4B = IP: 192.168.2.56
DNS
• DNS is a service that translates domain name to IP address.

• Internet is based on IP Address whereas domain names are alphabetic, every time a domain
name is used, DNS translates it into the corresponding IP Address
• For example www.csscorp.com to 34.206.43.102
Command: CMD > ipconfig/displaydns
DNS Name Resolution
Global DNS Addresses :

 8.8.8.8
 8.8.4.4
Windows Internet Naming Service
WINS Server
WINS used in Intranet
Local Machine (LM) host
Host Name IP Address
9C26 192.168.2.26
9C28 192.168.2.28
9C56 192.168.2.56
9C57 192.168.2.57
WINS Server IP : 192.168.2.100
9C26 9C28 9C56 9C57

9C26 trying to reach 9C56
IP : 192.168.2.26 IP : 192.168.2.28 IP : 192.168.2.56 IP : 192.168.2.57
Ping Errors
• Request Timed Out

• Destination Host Unreachable
• Destination Net Unreachable
• Unknown Host
Request Timed Out
Reason: Ping command timed out because there is no reply from

the destination host.
Possibilities: Firewall in the destination system or network

connectivity issues
Destination Host Unreachable
Reason: Ping command cannot reach the destination IP address.
Possibilities: Destination host is down at the time the packet is sent.
Destination Net Unreachable
Reason: Ping command failed to find the route to the destination network.
Possibilities: Route to specific network is down or No such network address

is listed in the routing table
Unknown Host
Reason: Ping command failed due to the issue with DNS resolution.
Possibilities: DNS servers not configured properly.
Troubleshooting
PING - Checking for Connectivity
Note: Ping command is used to verify that a computer can communicate over the network with another
computer or network device.
PING - Checking for Connectivity
TRACERT - Tracing the Path
Note: TRACERT can be used to find where a packet is stopped on the network.
TRACERT - Tracing the Path
Physical Connectivity Error
Issue: Media State – Media disconnected

Possibilities: Connector issue, Cable Issue.
Physical Connectivity Error
TCP/IP Binding Error
Issue: Windows IP Configuration

Possibilities: TCP/IP Binding issue
Driver Update
Note: Driver update has to be performed for any kind of connectivity issues with NIC.
Driver Update
Link Speed Adjustment
Note: NIC speeds will be set to "auto" and will work without issues, but sometimes it can cause slow network
or Internet access problem. In such cases the speed may be changed to find the optimal settings for the
operating environment.
Link Speed Adjustment
Note: Link Speed can be also adjusted through Network Connections Window
Assigning Static IP
Issue: Assigning Static IP

Possibilities: Static IP might be required or DHCP Server malfunction
Flushing DNS Cache
 When a computer visits a website for the first time, it stores the website's
DNS information in DNS cache.
 The next time the computer visits a website, it looks in the cache to see if
the website's information is present to use.
 This can cause problems if the website's DNS information has changed
since the computer's last visit.
 Flushing the cache removes all the information stored in cache, forcing
the computer to find the new DNS information for the website .
Command: CMD>ipconfig/flushdns
Activity
Execute the following commands and observe the response
 ipconfig
 ipconfig/all
 ipconfig/release
 ipconfig/renew
 ipconfig/displaydns
 ipconfig/flushdns
 ipconfig/registerdns
 ping
 ping -t
 nslookup
 tracert
 arp -a
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Networking Basics

 No talking, unless your participation is requested by the trainer.

• Cost-effective resource sharing

Peer to Peer Client - Server

RING STAR BUS MESH

• A WAN is not restricted to a geographical location and connects several LANs.

Ethernet 802.3 10 Mbps 10Base-T 100 meters

Fast Ethernet/ 802.3u 100 Mbps 100Base-TX 100 meters

Gigabit Ethernet/ 802.3z 1000 Mbps 1000Base-T 100 meters

10 Gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.3ae 10 Gbps 10GBase-SR 300 meters

Standard Length Speed Frequency

Thicknet Thinnet Shielded Unshielded

Vampire tap BNC Connector - (Bayonet Neill–Concelman)

Router Straight-through Crossover Crossover

*Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation transferred 1 Petabit per second

There are 3 types of connectors – All uses the same Jack

 A router is a network device which is

 A repeater is an electronic device that amplifies the signal

 A modem stands for (Modulator+Demodulator), it modulates and demodulates

It is a reference model designed by International Organization for

OSI is a standard description for how messages should be

Its purpose is to guide product implementers so that their products

• Transport layer is responsible for error correction and end-

• Session Layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining and

• The presentation layer is used to present data to the application layer in an

• The presentation layer is responsible for:

• These protocols describe the movement of data

There are two different ways of identifying a machine in a network.

 A MAC address aka burned-in address (BIA) or Ethernet

Command: CMD > getmac

• IP address is a numerical label assigned to each device

Building Name Floor No.

Each IP address is separated internally into two parts

1st Octet Network/Host ID Hosts per

A 1 – 126* 0 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 126 (27 – 2) 16,777,214 (224 – 2)

B 128 – 191 10 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 16,382 (214 – 2) 65,534 (216 – 2)

C 192 – 223 110 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 2,097,150 (221 – 2) 254 (28 – 2)

D 224 – 239 1110 Reserved for Multicasting

E 240 – 254 1111 Experimental; used for research

Class Private Networks Subnet Mask Address Range

B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0 255.240.0.0 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255

C 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

Command: CMD > ipconfig

Command: CMD > ping

Command: CMD > tracert

Command: CMD > arp

I heard that broadcast. The

IP: 192.168.2.36 = ???

IP: 192.168.2.36 = Ethernet : 00-16-17-18-42-8A

Ethernet: 00-16-17-18-42-4B IP = ???

Ethernet: 00-16-17-18-42-4B = IP: 192.168.2.56

• DNS is a service that translates domain name to IP address.

Command: CMD > ipconfig/displaydns

Global DNS Addresses :

WINS Server IP : 192.168.2.100

9C26 9C28 9C56 9C57

IP : 192.168.2.26 IP : 192.168.2.28 IP : 192.168.2.56 IP : 192.168.2.57

• Request Timed Out

Reason: Ping command timed out because there is no reply from

Possibilities: Firewall in the destination system or network

Reason: Ping command cannot reach the destination IP address.

Possibilities: Destination host is down at the time the packet is sent.

Possibilities: Route to specific network is down or No such network address

Possibilities: DNS servers not configured properly.