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Electronics
Electronics
Electronics Theory
the branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of
electrons and with the use of electronic devices
WHAT IS MATTER ?
ATOMS
attraction
+ -
positive negative
Repel
+
positive
No attraction occurs
Conductor and Insulator
• Conductor
- Materials which easily allow the flow of electrons from 1 point to
another.
ex. Iron, Copper, Gold
• Insulator
- Materials which don't allow the flow of electrons from 1 point to
another.
ex . Plastic, rubber, wood
Difference Of Potential
If we connect a copper wire between two oppositely
charged bodies, an electron flow would result.
+
-
Difference Of Potential
• Electric potential is the potential energy per unit of
charge.
+ - - +
PE PE PE PE
WIRE WIRE
- +
PE PE
CURRENT
• Electric current is by definition the flow of electric charge.
Active wire
wire Current is present
• Alternating Current
- An alternating current (AC) is an electrical current where the magnitude and
direction of the current varies cyclically
Measurement of Current
• The magnitude of current is measured in AMPERES. A current of one ampere is
said to flow when one coulomb of charge passes a point in one second.
Remember, one coulomb is equal to the charge of 6.28 x 10 to the18th electrons.
Example: 1 Ampere
i - current
• Frequently, the ampere is much too large a unit for measuring current. Therefore,
the MILLIAMPERE (mA), one-thousandth of an ampere, or the MICROAMPERE
(µA), one-millionth of an ampere, is used. The device used to measure current is
called an AMMETER and will be discussed in detail in later.
Resistor
• Electricity, according to Benjamin Franklin, acts like a
fluid. It flows and has a measurable CURRENT . We can
restrict its flow by adding electrical friction. We say that
the restriction of electrical flow is called RESISTANCE
and that a device which causes such RESISTANCE is
called a RESISTOR . All materials, even the very best
CONDUCTORS demonstrate a certain amount of
RESISTANCE to electron flow.
RESISTOR IMAGE
FIXED RESISTOR VARIABLE RESISTOR
CERAMIC RESISTOR
Resistors used in computers and other devices are typically much smaller,
often in surface-mount packages without wire leads.
HOW TO READ THE RESISTANCE OF THE RESISTOR
RESISTOR ANALYSIS
Rough size
Rating
Thickness Length
power
(mm) (mm)
(W)
1/8 2 3
From the top of the photograph
1/8W
1/4W 1/4 2 6
1/2W
1/2 3 9
Resistance
• In order to compare the resistance of various materials, we need to
have some standard unit of measurement. The unit of measurement
for resistance is called the Ohm , and is indicated by the Greek
letter Omega ( Ω ).
More current
RESISTANCE TO FLOW
• Ex
- 8 M Ohm = 8,000,000 Ohm = 8,000 K Ohm
Resistance
There are 4 factors that determine the resistance of a material
L
R=p
A A = pie (R squared)
D R = radius
D = 2R, diameter
• LOAD
- is any device through which an electrical current flows and which
changes this electrical energy into a more useful form.
• SWITCH
- which permits control of the electrical device, interrupts the current
delivered to the load.
• SOURCE
- is the device which furnishes the electrical energy used by the load .
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
The schematic diagram
- is a "picture" of the circuit that uses symbols to represent the various
circuit components; physically large or complex circuits can be
shown on a relatively small diagram.
A SIMPLE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Practice Reading Schematic Diagram
What happens to the path for
current when S1 is open as
shown in the figure?
OHM'S LAW
• In the early part of the 19th century, George Simon Ohm proved by experiment that
a precise relationship exists between current, voltage, and resistance. This
relationship is called Ohm's law and is stated as follows:
Plate II
Capacitor Theory
• The plate on the capacitor that attaches to
the negative terminal of the battery accepts
electrons that the battery is producing.
- Once it's charged, the capacitor has the same voltage as the battery
(1.5 volts on the battery means 1.5 volts on the capacitor).
- For a small capacitor, the capacity is small. But large capacitors can
hold quite a bit of charge.
Capacitance = is the property of a capacitor, a device, or an electric circuit
that defines its ability to store an electrical charge (or energy) when a
given voltage is applied, measured in farads (F)
Capacitors
• Ceramic Capacitor Electrolytic Capacitor Tantalum capacitors
Ceramic capacitors are small in size and value, ranging from a few Pico Farads
to 1 µF. Not polarized, so either end can go to ground.
Electrolytic capacitors look like small cylinders and range in value from 1 µF to
several Farads. Very inaccurate and change in value as the electrolytic ages.
Polarized, cathode must go to ground. Cathode is marked with a minus sign on
case. Value is usually written on case.
Tantalum capacitors are similar in size to ceramic but can hold more charge, up
to several hundred µF. Accurate and stable, but relatively expensive. Usually
Polarized, anode is marked with a plus sign.
Capacitor Theory
• The unit of capacitance is a farad. A 1-farad capacitor can store one
coulomb (coo-lomb) of charge at 1 volt.
• A coulomb is 6.25e18 (6.25 * 10^18, or 6.25 billion billion) electrons.
Applications
Capacitors in parallel : C = C1 + C2 + C3
Capacitor Problem
• For the network shown, determine the
equivalent capacitance of the network, 30V
C' = C1 + C2 = 1 nf + 2 nf = 3 nf
• L= Inductance
• Henry is the unit of measure for L
• Parallel Inductors
(1/Ltotal) = (1/L1) + (1/L2) + (1/L3) .....
Diode Theory
• Diode
- diode is a component that restricts the direction of movement of
charge carriers. It allows an electric current to flow in one direction,
but essentially blocks it in the opposite direction.
Diode Theory
• Rectifier.
- An electronic device with two
wires or terminals. A rectifier
allows electrical current to flow
through in only one direction
and is used for converting
alternating current into direct
current.
Zener
Diode Theory
• Rectifier.
- An electronic device with two
wires or terminals. A rectifier
allows electrical current to flow
through in only one direction
and is used for converting
alternating current into direct
current.
Forward Bias
Diode Theory
• REVERSE BIAS
ATX Power Supply
Power Supply
• A power supply (sometimes known as a power supply unit or PSU)
is a device or system that supplies electrical or other types of
energy to an output load or group of loads. The term is most
commonly applied to electrical energy supplies.
At the Cable
At the motherboard
AT POWER CONNECTOR
A T Standard
Advanced Technology Standard
B T X Connector Standard
• In 2003, Intel announced the new BTX standard, intended as a
replacement for ATX. BTX (for Balanced Technology Extended) is a
PC motherboards, originally slated to be the
form factor for
replacement for the aging ATX motherboard form factor in late 2004
and early 2005.
At the motherboard
B T X Connector Pin Designation
Pin Signal Description
1 +3.3 VDC
2 +3.3 VDC
3 COM Ground
4 +5 VDC
5 COM Ground
6 +5 VDC
7 COM Ground
8 PWR_OK Power good - indicate that VDC voltages
are in range.
9 +5 VSB Standby voltage
10 +12 VDC
B T X Connector Pin Designation
Pin Signal Description
11 +12 VDC
12 +3.3 VDC
13 +3.3 VDC
14 -12 VDC
15 COM Ground
16 PS_ON# Active low. TTL compatible (0.1-0.8V low; 2.0 high?).
When low - DC outputs are enabled. When high - power supply should
not deliver DC current.
17 COM Ground
18 COM Ground
19 COM Ground
20 N/C
21 +5 VDC
22 +5 VDC
23 +5 VDC
24 COM Ground
A T X Power Connector
- ATX Power
Supply connector
- Typical wattages range
from 200 W to 500 W
- There are also other,
smaller connectors, most of
which have four wires:
two black,
one red,
one yellow.
• MS-DOS 3.2, released in April 1986, was the first retail release of
MS-DOS. It added support of 720K 3.5" floppy disks. Previous
versions had been sold to computer manufacturers, who pre-loaded
them on their computers. This is because operating systems were
considered part of a computer, not an independent product.
• Command line
- A prompt where the user types in a command, as opposed to using
the mouse to perform a command.
• Floppy disks and CD-ROMs are the most common forms of media
used, but other media, such as tape drives, zip drives and more
recently, USB flash drives can be used.
ZIP DRIVE
Disk Partition