Chapter 8 – Electricity

Electric Charge
• Some material will be charged when they are rubbed. This charge is
refer as electrostatic charge.
Electrons and Atomic Structure

• Under normal condition, the number of electrons and

protons are equal.

• When materials are rubbed, some of the electron will

transfer from one material to the other material.

• Material will higher number of electron will turns

negatively charge.
Electron Transfer
 Conductor, Insulator and Semiconductor
• Conductors are materials that conduct electricity. Metals are good conductor
of electricity. Conductor can conduct electricity because it has free moving
electrons.

• Insulators are materials that do not conduct electricity. Usually, non-metals

are insulators. Examples of non-metal includes rubber and plastics. Carbon is
exception as carbon can conduct electricity although it is non-metal.

• Semiconductor are materials that conduct electricity when it is warm. When

it is cold, it do not conduct electricity. Example of semiconductor are silicon.
Quiz
Attraction of Uncharged Materials

• Charged object will attract any uncharged object.

• When the aluminium foil on the left brought near to

the bar, the negatively charged electron will be
attracted to the bar due to oppositely charged giving
a bottom part with net positive charge.
 Earthing
• Earthing is a technique to transfer the electron from 1 object to the
other object to prevent sparks / electron from building up.

• For example, a conductor is made to connect to the ground so that

the unwanted charge can flow away.
 Induce Charges
• Induced charges are the charges that appear on the uncharged object
because of a charge nearby.

• The sphere below end up with negative charge.

Detecting Charge
Application of Charge

Dust are charged by the wire.

 Electric Field Patterns
• Electric field patterns are represented by the lines.

• Field lines always away from the + charge and towards negative charge.
 Curve, Points and Ions

• The closer the field lines, the stronger the electric field.
 Circuit
• Electrons flow from negative terminal to positive terminal.
 Measuring Current
• Current is the measure of flow of charge. The higher the current, the higher the
charges flow.

• Ammeter is used to measure the current.

• Voltmeter is used to measure the voltage.

Variable Symbol SI unit

Current I A (ampere)
Voltage V v (volts)
 Current

Current flows from positive terminal to negative terminal. Whereas, the electron is flowing from negative to
positive terminal.
 Charge and Current

Variable Symbol SI unit

Charge C C (Coulomb)

Current I A (Ampere)

Time t s (seconds)
Quiz
 Potential Difference (Voltage)
• Potential difference is the force of pushing the electrons.

• The higher the voltage in a circuit, the greater the forces it push the
electrons.

• Potential difference / voltage can be measure using a voltmeter.

• SI unit of voltage is V (volts).

• 1 volt = 1 J/C (joule per coulomb)

Voltage / Potential Difference (p.d) in a
Circuit
Quiz
 Resistance

R=

Variables Symbol Unit The higher the resistance,

the more difficult the current
Resistance R Ω (ohm) to flow in a circuit.

Voltage V V (volts)

Current I A (ampere)
 Factors that Affect Resistance
Factors Explanation

Length The higher the length of wire, the greater the resistance.

Crossectional Area of The larger the area of the the wire, the lower the
Wire resistance.

Different material has different resistance. For example,

Materials
copper has lower resistance than iron.

For metal, the higher the temperature, the higher the

Temperature resistance. For semiconductor, the higher the temperature,
the lower the resistance.
 Resistors

• Resistor is component that provide resistance in a circuit.

• Variable resistor (rheostat) are use for varying current. For instance, adjusting the brightness of light.
• Thermistor has high resistance when cold but low resistance when hot. They contain semiconductor. They
can be use to detect temperature change.
• Light dependent resistor has high resistance in dark and low resistance at bright.
• Diode allow current to flow in one direction. They are use in electronic circuit.
Quiz
 Example

R = 12 Ω
V = 6V

V = IR
I=
Relationship of Current and Voltage when
Temperature is Constant
• All metal obeys Ohm’s law when
the temperature kept constant.
Current Vs. Voltage (P.d) Graphs
Quiz
Factors that Affect the Resistance
Factors that Affect the Resistance
Relationship of Resistance, Area and Length
of Wire

• Based on the equation above:

• Resistance is directly proportional to length of wire.
• Resistance is inversely proportional to area.
• Thus, resistance is double when the length is double.
• When area is double, the resistance is 2 times half.
 Equation of Resistance

Variable Remarks

R Resistance

l Length

A Area

Resistivity - Rho (constant), different

𝞺
material has different value of rho.
 Comparing 2 Different Wires

When comparing 2 different wire, above equation can

be used to solve the problem / unknown.
 Example

RA = 12 Ω
Let lA = Z

So, lB = 2Z

12 × 𝐴 𝑅𝐵 × 4 𝐴
=
𝑍 2𝑧

RB =
Quiz
Series and Parallel Circuits
Circuit Rules – Series
Circuit Rules – Parallel
Quiz
Resistor in Series
Resistor in Parallel
 Example

V = IR

R = R1 + R2
= 3 + 6 = 9Ω

I= 2A
 Example

V = IR

I1 =

I2 =

I = I1 + I2 = 6A + 3A = 9A
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Power
Power and Electrical Energy
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Electrical Component
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