EVOKED

POTENTIALS &
TRMOROGRAPHY
MADE BY : BANI SAEID HASSAN
EVOKED POTENTIALS
Evoked potentials (EPs), or evoked responses, measure the electrophysiologic responses of the
nervous system to a variety of stimuli. Recorded form the projection cortex zone following
stimulation of sensory receptos.
In theory, almost any sensory modality can be tested
The EPs most frequently used are the following:
Visual evoked potentials (VEPs)
somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs)
brainstem auditory evoked potentials
(BAEPs)

EP testing estimate functionality and thus supplies information about the physiology of a certain
anatomic pathway
The visual evoked potential (VEP):
tests the function of the visual pathway from the retina to the occipital cortex. It measures the conduction of the visual pathways
from the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic radiations to the occipital cortex.
The examination is performed for each eye separately. The non-examined eye is covered. For the examination three electrodes
are used and placed in proper places on the patient’s head.
Checkerboard stimulated VEP – VEP Pattern:
A patient sits in front of a computer monitor at a distance of 80 cm. The monitor displays a black and white chessboard. During
the examination the chessboard moves. There is a red cross in its center on which the patient should concentrate his sight.
Depending on the degree of the patient’s cooperation, the test lasts approx. 10-15 min.
Flash stimulated VEP – VEP Flash:
During the examination, the patient rests his chin on the chin rest of the chamber. During the test, a shimmering light appears in
the chamber – similar to the flash of the camera. During the examination, the patient looks straight ahead and blinks normally as
needed. Depending on the degree of the patient’s cooperation, the test lasts approx. 10-15 min.
Indications: VEP Flash
Electrodes placement
multiple sclerosis, hemianopia, central
VEP pattern scotoma, mirgrain headaches
Contraindications:
marked visual impairment, acute optic
neuritis
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials:
measures the functioning of the auditory nerve and auditory pathways in the brainstem.
A test used to detect some types of hearing loss, such as hearing loss caused by injury or tumors. Electrodes are placed on the
head and certain tones or clicking sounds are made. The electrodes measure nerve signals in the brain when it reacts to the
sounds.
Indication: Acoustic neuroma (the main indicate ), Postoperative of cochlear implant, Who has mental disease, After illness
neuropathy, all sensorineural hearing loss

https://youtu.be/2fmXdfCiveo
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials:
are brain and spinal cord responses elicited by sensory stimuli. Most of the clinically used SSEPs are elicited by
electrical stimulation to the peripheral nerve.
Use this method if patient experiencing feelings of numbness or weakness in arms or legs that may be due to
problems affecting the somatosensory nerve pathway. 
SSEPs can be helpful in the diagnosis of:
Trauma, Tumours, Multiple sclerosis, Myoclonus, Dystonia, Hereditary neuropathies.
Commonly they are used during spinal surgery to determine if there has been an interruption in nerve or spinal transmission.

https://www.facebook.com/ReviveCenters/videos/ssep-
somatosensory-evoked-potentials/702814553893660/
 Event-related potentials or ERPs. The ERP technique
Evoked potentials involves measuring the brain's electrical activity associated
with specific stimulus events.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2-DjvPRaNA
Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are the electrical
signals recorded from the descending motor pathways
or from muscles following stimulation
of motor pathways within the brain.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZeDgBxOits

Evoked potentials contraindications:

epilepsy
convexity skull defects
raised intracranial pressure
cardiac disease
proconvulsant medications or anesthetics
intracranial electrodes
Tremorography is an instrumental method for recording and quantifying tremor.
Thanks
for
watching