AHS-Automated Highway System

AHS-Automated Highway
System
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/651721, Wikipedia
Automated highway system (AHS) is an intelligent transportation system consisting of a
large-scale, multi agent, hybrid dynamic system.
The purpose of AHS is to remove human drivers from the operation of vehicles during
driving.
AHS-Automated Highway System
• AHS includes control problems from the vehicle level to the highway
network level and offers a number of challenging opportunities for
intelligent mechatronics.
• More specially, AHS is a multidisciplinary branch of engineering that
focuses on the engineering of civil, electrical and mechanical systems,
and also includes a combination of highway engineering, electronics,
computer, telecommunications, systems, robotics, control, and
product engineering.
APTS-Advanced Public Transportation
Services
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/
ma267007981/apts98.pdf
As per the FHWA, the purpose of APTS is to use innovative applications
of advanced navigation, information, computer, and communication
technologies that most benefit public transportation.
APTS-Advanced Public Transportation
Services
It focuses on some of the most innovative or comprehensive
implementations, categorized under four types of
services/technologies:
(1) Fleet Management, (2) Traveler Information, (3) Electronic Fare
Payment, and (4) Transportation Demand Management.
ATIS- Advanced Traveler Information
Services
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_traveller_information_system
An Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) is any system that
acquires, analyzes, and presents information to assist surface
transportation travelers in moving from a starting location (origin) to
their desired destination.
ATIS- Advanced Traveler Information
Services
An ATIS may operate through information supplied entirely within the
vehicle (autonomous system) or it can also use data supplied by the
traffic management centers.
Relevant information may include locations of incidents, weather and
road conditions, optimal routes, recommended speeds, and lane
restrictions, all part of the Intelligent transportation system or ITS.
ATMS- Advanced Traffic Management
Services
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Advanced_Traffic_Management_System
ATMS integrates technology primarily to improve the flow of vehicle
traffic and improve safety. Real-time traffic data from cameras, speed
sensors, etc. flows into a Transportation Management Center (TMC)
where it is integrated and processed (e.g. for incident detection), and
may result in actions taken (e.g. traffic routing, DMS messages) with the
goal of improving traffic flow.
ATMS- Advanced Traffic Management
Services
The National ITS Architecture defines the following primary goals and
metrics for ITS:
• Increase transportation system efficiency,
• Enhance mobility,
• Improve safety,
• Reduce fuel consumption and environmental cost,
• Increase economic productivity, and
• Create an environment for an ITS market.
AVL-Automatic Vehicle Location
Automatic vehicle location (AVL or ~locating; telelocating in EU) is a
means for automatically determining and transmitting the
geographic location of a vehicle. This vehicle location data, from one or
more vehicles, may then be collected by a vehicle tracking system to
manage an overview of vehicle travel.
A vehicle tracking system combines the use of
automatic vehicle location in individual vehicles with software that
collects these fleet data for a comprehensive picture of vehicle
locations. Modern vehicle tracking systems commonly use GPS or
GLONASS technology for locating the vehicle, but other types of
automatic vehicle location technology can also be used.
• Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet
or specialized software. Urban public transit authorities are an
increasingly common user of vehicle tracking systems, particularly in
large cities.
CVO-Commercial Vehicle Operation
Management
A typical CVO system would be purchased by the managers of a
trucking company. It would have a satellite navigation system, a small
computer and a digital radio in each truck. Every fifteen minutes the
computer transmits where the truck has been. The digital radio service
forwards the data to the central office of the trucking company. A
computer system in the central office manages the fleet in real time
under control of a team of dispatchers.
Management
• In this way, the central office knows where its trucks are. The
company tracks individual loads by using barcoded containers and
pallets to track loads combined into a larger container. To minimize
handling-expense, damage and waste of vehicle capacity, optimal-
sized pallets are often constructed at distribution points to go to
particular destinations.
Management
• A good load-tracking system will help deliver more than 95% of its
loads via truck, on planned schedules If a truck gets off its route, or is
delayed, the truck can be diverted to a better route, or urgent loads
that are likely to be late can be diverted to air freight.
Management
• Conclusion: CVO allows a trucking company to deliver a true premium
service at only slightly higher cost (FedEx 99.999%). .
DAB-Digital Audio Broadcasting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting
DAB is a digital radio standard for broadcasting
digital audio radio services in many countries around the world but not
in North America where HD Radio is the standard for digital radio.
• DAB is more efficient in its use of spectrum than analogue FM
radio, and thus can offer more radio services for the same given
bandwidth. The sound quality can be noticeably inferior if the bit-rate
allocated to each audio program is not sufficient.
• DAB is more robust with regard to noise and multipath fading for
mobile listening, although DAB reception quality degrades rapidly
when the signal strength falls below a critical threshold, whereas FM
reception quality degrades slowly with the decreasing signal,
providing effective coverage over a larger area.
DSRC-Dedicated Short Range
Communications (1 of 2)
• In June, 2017, the Utah Department of Transportation successfully
demonstrated a Transit DSRC system on SR-68 (Redwood Road) for
eleven miles, from 400 South in Salt Lake City, to 8020 South in West
Jordan City. This was in partnership with the Utah Transit Authority.
Several UTA Transit buses were outfitted with the DSRC equipment to
allow for signal cycle time extensions if the bus was running behind
schedule.
Other possible applications were:
2) Emergency warning system for vehicles
3) Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control
4) Cooperative Forward Collision Warning
5) Intersection collision avoidance
6) Approaching emergency vehicle warning (Blue Waves)
7) Vehicle safety inspection
8) Transit or emergency vehicle signal priority
9) Electronic parking payments
10) Commercial vehicle clearance and safety inspections
11) In-vehicle signing
12) Rollover warning
13) Probe data collection
14) Highway-rail intersection warning
15) Electronic toll collection
ERP-Electronic Road Pricing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Road_Pricing
ERP system is an electronic toll collection scheme adopted to manage

traffic by way of road pricing, and as a usage-based taxation
mechanism.
ERP can be used for purposes of congestion pricing. The system uses
open road tolling; vehicles do not stop or slow down to pay tolls.
Singapore is the first one to used this and is an excellent example.
ETC-Electronic Toll Control
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection
Electronic toll collection (ETC) is a wireless system to automatically
collect the usage fee or toll charged to vehicles using toll roads,
HOV lanes, toll bridges, and toll tunnels.
• In most systems, vehicles using the system are equipped with an
automated radio transponder device. When the vehicle passes a
roadside toll reader device, a radio signal from the reader triggers the
transponder. Then, the transponder transmits back an identifying
number which registers the vehicle's use of the road, and an
electronic payment system charges the user the toll.
• A major advantage is the driver does not have to stop, reducing traffic
delays. Electronic tolling is cheaper than a staffed toll booth, reducing
transaction costs for government or private road owners.
• The ease of varying the amount of the toll makes it easy to
implement road congestion pricing, including city-wide congestion
charges.
GIS-Geographical Information System
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system
• A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework that provides
the ability to capture and analyze spatial and geographic data. GIS
applications (or GIS apps) are computer-based tools that allow the
user to create interactive queries (user-created searches), store and
edit spatial and non-spatial data, analyze spatial information output,
and visually share the results of these operations by presenting them
as maps.
• Geographic information systems are utilized in multiple technologies,
processes, techniques and methods. It is attached to various
operations and numerous applications, that relate many fields
including: Transportation engineering, planning, management,
transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business. For
this reason, GIS and location intelligence applications are at the
foundation of location-enabled services, that rely on geographic
analysis and visualization.
• GIS provides the capability to relate previously unrelated information,
through the use of location as the "key index variable". Locations and
extents that are found in the Earth's spacetime, are able to be
recorded through the date and time of occurrence, along with x, y,
and z coordinates; representing, longitude (x), latitude (y), and
elevation (z). All Earth-based, spatial–temporal, location and extent
references, should be relatable to one another, and ultimately, to a
"real" physical location or extent. This key characteristic of GIS, has
opened new avenues of scientific inquiry and studies.
GPS-Global Positioning System
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System
• The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally NAVSTAR GPS,[1] is a
satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States
government and operated by the United States Space Force.[2]
GPS-GlGPS-Global Positioning Systemobal
Positioning System
• It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that
provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver
anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of
sight to four or more GPS satellites.[3]
• Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak
GPS signals.
GPS-GlGPS-Global Positioning Systemobal
Positioning System
• The GPS does not require the user to transmit any data, and it
operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception,
though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS
positioning information.
• The GPS provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and
commercial users around the world.
GSM-Global System for Mobile
communications
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a standard
developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI) to describe the protocols for digital cellular networks used
by mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets.
communications: Architecture
• https://www.elprocus.com/gsm-architecture-features-working/
• A GSM network consists of the following components:
• A Mobile Station: It is the mobile phone which consists of the
transceiver, the display and the processor and is controlled by a SIM
card operating over the network.
• Base Station Subsystem: It acts as an interface between the mobile
station and the network subsystem. It consists of the Base Transceiver
Station which contains the radio transceivers and handles the
protocols for communication with mobiles. It also consists of the Base
Station Controller which controls the Base Transceiver station and
acts as a interface between the mobile station and mobile switching
center.
• Network Subsystem: It provides the basic network connection to the
mobile stations. The basic part of the Network Subsystem is the
Mobile Service Switching Centre which provides access to different
networks like ISDN, PSTN etc.
• The Network Subsystem also consists of the Home Location Register
and the Visitor Location Register which provides the call routing and
roaming capabilities of GSM. It also contains the Equipment Identity
Register which maintains an account of all the mobile equipments
wherein each mobile is identified by its own IMEI (International
Mobile Equipment Identity) number.
HAR-Highway Advisory Radio
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelers
%27_information_station#:~:text=Travelers%20Information
%20Stations%20(TIS)%2C,travel%2C%20destinations%20of
%20interest%2C%20and
• Travelers Information Stations (TIS), also called Highway Advisory
Radio (HAR) by the United States Department of Transportation, are
licensed low-powered non-commercial radio stations, used to
broadcast information to the general public, including for motorists
regarding travel, destinations of interest, and situations of imminent
danger and emergencies.
HAR-Highway Advisory Radio
• They are commonly operated by transportation departments, national
and local parks departments and historic sites, airport authorities,
local governments, federal agencies, colleges and universities,
hospitals and health agencies, and for special events and destinations.
ICC-Intelligent Cruise Control
= ACC-Adaptive Cruise Control
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_cruise_control
• Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is an available cruise control
advanced driver-assistance system for road vehicles that
automatically adjusts the vehicle speed to maintain a safe distance
from vehicles ahead. This is also known as Dynamic cruise control.[1]
ICC-Intelligent Cruise Control
= ACC-Adaptive Cruise Control
• Control is based on sensor information from on-board sensors. Such
systems may use a radar or laser sensor or a camera setup allowing
the vehicle to brake when it detects the car is approaching another
vehicle ahead, then accelerate when traffic allows it to.
• ACC technology is widely regarded as a key component of future
generations of intelligent cars. They impact driver safety and
convenience as well as increasing road capacity by maintaining
optimal separation between vehicles and reducing driver errors.
Vehicles with autonomous cruise control are considered a Level 1
autonomous car, as defined by SAE International.
The 6 Levels of Vehicle Autonomy
• https://www.synopsys.com/automotive/autonomous-driving-levels.ht
ml
• Researchers forecast that by 2025 we’ll see approximately 8 million
autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles on the road. Before
merging onto roadways, self-driving cars will first have to progress
through 6 levels of driver assistance technology advancements.
• The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) defines 6 levels of driving
automation ranging from 0 (fully manual) to 5 (fully autonomous).
These levels have been adopted by the U.S. Department of
Transportation.
• Level 0 (No Driving Automation)
• Most vehicles on the road today are Level 0: manually controlled. The
human provides the "dynamic driving task" although there may be
systems in place to help the driver. An example would be the
emergency braking system―since it technically doesn’t "drive" the
vehicle, it does not qualify as automation.
• Level 1 (Driver Assistance)
• This is the lowest level of automation. The vehicle features a single
automated system for driver assistance, such as steering or
accelerating (cruise control).
• Adaptive cruise control, where the vehicle can be kept at a safe
distance behind the next car, qualifies as Level 1 because the human
driver monitors the other aspects of driving such as steering and
braking.
• Level 2 (Partial Driving Automation)
• This means advanced driver assistance systems or ADAS. The vehicle
can control both steering and accelerating/decelerating.
• Here the automation falls short of self-driving because a human sits in
the driver’s seat and can take control of the car at any time.
• Tesla Autopilot and Cadillac (General Motors) Super Cruise systems
both qualify as Level 2.
• Level 3 (Conditional Driving Automation)
• The jump from Level 2 to Level 3 is substantial from a technological
perspective, but subtle if not negligible from a human perspective.
• Level 3 vehicles have “environmental detection” capabilities and can
make informed decisions for themselves, such as accelerating past a
slow-moving vehicle. But―they still require human override. The
driver must remain alert and ready to take control if the system is
unable to execute the task.
• Almost two years ago, Audi (Volkswagen) announced that the next generation
of the A8―their flagship sedan―would be the world’s first production Level 3
vehicle. And they delivered. The 2019 Audi A8L arrived in commercial
dealerships this Fall. It features Traffic Jam Pilot, which combines a lidar scanner
with advanced sensor fusion and processing power (plus built-in redundancies
should a component fail).
• However, while Audi was developing their marvel of engineering, the regulatory
process in the U.S. shifted from federal guidance to state-by-state mandates for
autonomous vehicles. So for the time being, the A8L is still classified as a Level 2
vehicle in the United States and will ship without key hardware and software
required to achieve Level 3 functionality. In Europe, however, Audi will roll out
the full Level 3 A8L with Traffic Jam Pilot (in Germany first).
• Level 4 vehicles can operate in self-driving mode. But until legislation
and infrastructure evolves, they can only do so within a limited area
(usually an urban environment where top speeds reach an average of
30mph). This is known as geofencing. As such, most Level 4 vehicles in
existence are geared toward ridesharing. For example:
• NAVYA, a French company, is already building and selling Level 4
shuttles and cabs in the U.S. that run fully on electric power and can
reach a top speed of 55 mph.
• Alphabet's Waymo recently unveiled a Level 4 self-driving taxi service in
Arizona, where they had been testing driverless cars―without a safety
driver in the seat―for more than a year and over 10 million miles.
• Canadian automotive supplier Magna has developed technology (MAX4)
to enable Level 4 capabilities in both urban and highway environments.
They are working with Lyft to supply high-tech kits that turn vehicles
into self-driving cars.
• Just a few months ago, Volvo and Baidu announced a strategic
partnership to jointly develop Level 4 electric vehicles that will serve the
robotaxi market in China.
• Level 5 (Full Driving Automation)
• Level 5 vehicles do not require human attention―the “dynamic
driving task” is eliminated. Level 5 cars won’t even have steering
wheels or acceleration/braking pedals. They will be free from
geofencing, able to go anywhere and do anything that an experienced
human driver can do. Fully autonomous cars are undergoing testing in
several pockets of the world, but none are yet available to the general
public.
• While the future of autonomous vehicles is promising and exciting,
mainstream production in the U.S. is still a few years away from
anything higher than Level 2.
This is not because of technological capability, but because of security
—or the lack thereof.
ITS-Intelligent Transportation Systems
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_transportation_system
• An intelligent transportation system (ITS) is an advanced application
which aims to provide innovative services relating to different
modes of transport and traffic management and enable users to be
better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use
of transport networks.
• Some of these technologies include calling for emergency services
when an accident occurs, using cameras to enforce traffic laws or
signs that mark speed limit changes depending on conditions.
IVRG-In-Vehicle Route Guidance
• IVRG is a part of a larger system: Intelligent Transportation System
(ITS).
• This is a destination oriented system that requires a human driver to
enter a destination code into the vehicle system. The vehicle
communicates with an instrument intersection where the destination
code is decoded and routing information is sent back to the vehicle.
Reference:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Route_Guidance_System
RDS: Radio Data System
• Radio Data System (RDS) is a communications protocol standard for
embedding small amounts of digital information in conventional
FM radio broadcasts.
• RDS standardizes several types of information transmitted, including
time, station identification and program information.
Reference: https://www.google.com/search?
q=radio+data+system&rlz=1C1GCEA_enUS863US863&oq=radio+data+
&aqs=chrome.0.0i457j69i57j0l6.9030j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
SCATES: Sydney coordinated adaptive traffic
systems
• The Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System is an
intelligent transportation system that manages the dynamic (on-line,
real-time) timing of signal phases at traffic signals.
• It tries to find the best phasing (i.e. cycle times, phase splits and
offsets) for a traffic situation (for individual intersections as well as for
the whole network).
• SCATS is based on the automatic plan selection from a library in
response to the data derived from loop detectors or other road traffic
sensors.
systems
• SCATS uses sensors at each traffic signal to detect vehicle presence in
each lane and pedestrians waiting to cross at the local site. The vehicle
sensors are generally inductive loops installed within the road
pavement. The pedestrian sensors are usually push buttons. Various
other types of sensors can be used for vehicle presence detection,
provided that a similar and consistent output is achieved. Information
collected from the vehicle sensors allows SCATS to calculate and adapt
the timing of traffic signals in the network.
• SCATS is installed at about 42,000 intersections in over 1800 cities in 40
countries. In Australia, where the system was first developed, the
majority of signalized intersections are SCATS operated (around 11,000).
systems
Default operation
• The architecture of SCATS is at two basic levels, LOCAL and MASTER. The
LOCAL is the control cabinet at the roadside, which provides the normal
signal control as well as processing of traffic information deduced from the
vehicle detectors. The MASTER is a remote computer which provides area
based traffic control, i.e. area traffic control (ATC) or urban traffic control
(UTC). Detailed traffic signal and hardware diagnostics are passed from the
LOCAL to the MASTER, with the ability to notify staff when a traffic signal
has a fault.
Reference:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Coordinated_Adaptive_Traffic_System
SCOOT: Split-cycle—offset optimization
tool
• Split Cycle Offset Optimization Technique (SCOOT) is a real time
adaptive traffic control system for the coordination and control of
traffic signals across an urban road network.
• SCOOT automatically adjusts the traffic signal timings to adapt to
current traffic conditions, using flow data from traffic sensors.
Reference: https://www.google.com/search?q=split-cycle-
offset+optimization+tool&rlz=1C1GCEA_enUS863US863&oq=split-
cycle-
offset+optimization+tool&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i160.19822j0j9&sourc
eid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
TMC: Traffic Management Center
• This is a part of ATMS.
• The Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) field is a primary
subfield within the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) domain.
The ATMS view is a top-down management perspective that
integrates technology primarily to improve the flow of vehicle traffic
and improve safety. Real-time traffic data from cameras, speed
sensors, etc. flows into a Transportation Management Center (TMC)
where it is integrated and processed (e.g. for incident detection), and
may result in actions taken (e.g. traffic routing, DMS messages) with
the goal of improving traffic flow.
The Advanced Traffic Management
System (ATMS)
• The National ITS Architecture defines the following primary goals and
metrics for ITS:
• Increase transportation system efficiency,
• Enhance mobility,
• Improve safety,
• Reduce fuel consumption and environmental cost,
• Increase economic productivity, and
• Create an environment for an ITS market.
UTC/UTMC
• The Urban Traffic Management Control or UTMC program is the
main initiative in the UK for the development of a more open
approach to Intelligent Transport Systems or ITS in urban areas.
• Originating as a Government research program, the initiative is now
managed by a community forum, the UTMC Development Group,
which represents both local transport authorities and the systems
industry.
UTMC
• UTMC systems are designed to allow the different applications used
within modern traffic management systems to communicate and share
information with each other. This allows previously disparate data
from multiple sources such as Automatic Number Plate Recognition (
ANPR) cameras, Variable Message Signs (VMS), car parks, traffic
signals, air quality monitoring stations and meteorological data, to be
amalgamated into a central console or database.
• The idea behind UTMC: Maximize road network potential to create a
more robust and intelligent system that can be used to meet current
and future management requirements.
VMS: Variable message sign =
CMS=Changeable = DMS = dynamic
• A variable- (also changeable-,[1] electronic-, or dynamic-) message
sign, and in the UK known as a matrix sign,[2] is an electronic
traffic sign often used on roadways to give travelers information about
special events.
• Such signs warn of traffic congestion, accidents, incidents such as
terrorist attacks, AMBER/Silver/Blue Alerts, roadwork zones, or
speed limits on a specific highway segment.
VMS: Variable message sign
• In urban areas, VMS are used within
parking guidance and information systems to guide drivers to
available car parking spaces.
• They may also ask vehicles to take alternative routes, limit travel
speed, warn of duration and location of the incidents, or just inform
of the traffic conditions.
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-message_sign
WIM: Weigh-in motion
• Especially for trucks, gross vehicle and axle weight monitoring is
useful in an array of applications including:
• Pavement design, monitoring, and research
• Bridge design, monitoring, and research
• To inform weight overload enforcement policies and to directly
facilitate enforcement[3]
WIM: Weigh-in motion
• Planning and freight movement studies

• Toll by weight
• Data to facilitate legislation and regulation
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weigh_in_motion

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AHS-Automated Highway

ERP system is an electronic toll collection scheme adopted to manage

• Planning and freight movement studies

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