What Is Reproductive Health and How Do We Cover It?

WHAT IS REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH AND HOW DO WE

COVER IT?
Reproductive Health
It is a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely absence of
disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to
reproductive system and to its functions and
processes.
Reproductive health care is defined as the
constellation of methods, techniques and services
that contribute to reproductive health and well-being
through preventing and solving reproductive health
problems.
© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

Within That Framework, WHO says:
“(R)eproductive health addresses the
reproductive processes, functions, and system
at all stages of life. Reproductive health,
therefore, implies that people are able to have
a responsible, satisfying, and safe sex life and
that they have the capability to reproduce and
the freedom to decide if, when, and how often
to do so.”

Concept of Reproductive Health
It implies that
• couples have the ability to reproduce and
regulate their fertility
• women are able to go through pregnancy and
child birth safely
• outcome of the pregnancy is successful in
terms of maternal and infant survival and well-
being and
• couples are able to have sexual relations free of
the fear of pregnancy and of contracting any
disease
Every minute in the world
380 women become pregnant
190 of these did not plan or do

not wish the pregnancy

Every minute in the world
110 women experience a pregnancy-

related complication
40 women have an unsafe abortion
1 woman dies from a pregnancy

related issue
WHO Goes on to Say:
“Implicit in this are the right of men and women
to be informed of and to have access to safe,
effective, affordable, and acceptable methods
of fertility regulation of their choice, and the
right of access to appropriate health care
services that will enable women to go safely
through pregnancy and childbirth and provide
couples with the best chance of having a
healthy infant.”

What Issues Fall Under the Umbrella
of Reproductive Health (RH)?
 Contraception  Gender-based
violence
 Safe pregnancy
 Female genital
 Maternal health mutilation
 Infant and child  Adolescent pregnancy
health
 Child marriage
 Sexually transmitted
infections  And others…
What Are Some of the Differences
Between RH for Men and RH for
Women?
 Biological differences: Females get pregnant,
men don’t
 Consequences of sex are different:
Pregnancy, females more susceptible to HIV
 Power dynamics often skewed toward males

What Are Some of the Ways in
Which RH is Similar for Men and
for Women?
 Females and males both need RH
 Many women, men, girls, and boys don’t like

to talk about it
 Females and males can both get sexually
transmitted infections

How Can RH Affect a Community’s
or a Country’s Development?
 Population size, growth, and density affect

environment and natural resources
 RH can affect workers’ productivity and
economic growth
 Demographic dividend

Can We Measure Reproductive
Health?
WHO uses 17 indicators, including:
 Total fertility rate  Facilities with basic

obstetric care
 Contraceptive
prevalence  Perinatal deaths
 Maternal mortality  Low birth weight
 Births attended by
skilled health
professionals
What Are the Prospects of Achieving
a “Demographic Dividend”?
 Government and institutional accountability
 Misconceptions about contraception
 Impact of gender inequity

Reproductive Health
Package

RH Package Offers-Following
Services
 Comprehensive family planning for females
and males;
· Maternal health care including safe motherhood,

and pre and post abortion care for
complications;
· Infant Health Care;
· Management of reproductive health related

problems of adolescents;
Continued….
Reproductive Health
Package contd…
 Management of other reproductive health related
problems of women;
 Prevention and management of RTIs/STIs and

HIV/AIDS;
 Management of infertility;
 Detection of breast and cervical cancers;
 Management of reproductive health related

issues of men.

Adolescent reproductive
health
SEXUAL EDUCATION PROGRAM

Needs assessment…
 Love ?
 Talking sex ?
 Sexual orientations ?
 Sex education program ?

What does it mean
to be young?
Adolescents; 10-19 y
Young people (YP); 10-24 y (10-30 y)
Youth;15-24 y (10-30 y)
What main challenges do young
people face with regard to
sexuality and sexual health?
YP are 1,7 billion !
 Largest in history
 Healthier
 More educated
 Face challenges, particularly young women
 Choices hindered by poverty, lack of access to

schooling, gender disparities and SILENCE

Sexual and reproductive
health problems in YP
 Half of all new HIV infections
 Highest rate of STIs
 20% women U24 HPV infected –cervical

cancer
 14 million adolescents pregnant/y
 70 000 teenage girls marries/DAY

Young women and
pregnancy related risks
 Complications from pregnancy, childbirth and
abortions are the major cause of morbidity and
death of girls 15-19y in the developing world
 U16 are 5 times more likely to die in childbirth than

women in their 20s
 U20 are twice as likely to die as in their 20s

Sexuality is influenced by…
…the interaction of biological,

psychological, social, economic, political,
cultural, ethical, legal, historical, religious
and spiritual factors

Sexual orientation is
Who we are attracted to
Not a choice we make
Bisexual
Heterosexual
Homosexual
….
Diversity - Discrimination
 What does it mean to be different?
 ‘Guided tour’ in your imagination……
………
Why do people discriminate?
What can we do to avoid it?

On diversity….
Our differences, our diversity

is what makes every human life
irreplaceable.
Which is why we must never forget
that God has given us many faiths,
many races, but only one world in
which we live together.
This 7 factors shapes YPs
sexual behaviour:
1. YP assess potential sex partners as ‘clean’ or
‘unclean’
2. Sex partners influence general behaviour
3. Condoms are stigmatising and associated with lack
of trust
4. Gender stereotypes are crucial in determining social
expectations and in turn behaviour
PTO
more factors…
5. There are penalties and rewards for sex from
society
6. Reputations and social displays of sexual
activity or inactivity are important
7. Social expectations hamper communication
about sex

What Is Reproductive Health and How Do We Cover It?

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WHAT IS REPRODUCTIVE

HEALTH AND HOW DO WE

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

380 women become pregnant

190 of these did not plan or do

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

110 women experience a pregnancy-

40 women have an unsafe abortion

1 woman dies from a pregnancy

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

 Many women, men, girls, and boys don’t like

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

 Population size, growth, and density affect

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

 Total fertility rate  Facilities with basic

 Government and institutional accountability

 Misconceptions about contraception

 Impact of gender inequity

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

· Maternal health care including safe motherhood,

· Infant Health Care;

· Management of reproductive health related

 Prevention and management of RTIs/STIs and

 Management of infertility;

 Detection of breast and cervical cancers;

 Management of reproductive health related

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

SEXUAL EDUCATION PROGRAM

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

 Sex education program ?

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

 Face challenges, particularly young women

 Choices hindered by poverty, lack of access to

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

 Highest rate of STIs

 20% women U24 HPV infected –cervical

 70 000 teenage girls marries/DAY

 U16 are 5 times more likely to die in childbirth than

 U20 are twice as likely to die as in their 20s

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

…the interaction of biological,

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

Not a choice we make

 ‘Guided tour’ in your imagination……

Why do people discriminate?

What can we do to avoid it?

© 2016 Population Reference Bureau. All rights reserved. www.prb.org

Our differences, our diversity

6. Reputations and social displays of sexual

activity or inactivity are important

7. Social expectations hamper communication

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