CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION
2.LITERATURE SURVEY
3.OBJECTIVES
4.METHODOLOGY
5.APPLICATION
6.REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
 Graphene, widely regarded as a “wonder material” is a thin layer of pure
carbon, tightly packed and bonded together in a hexagonal honeycomb
lattice.
 It is endowed with an abundance of astonishing traits: it is the thinnest
compound known to man at one atom thick, as well as the best known
conductor.
SUPERCAPACITORS
 A supercapacitor (SC), also called an ultracapacitor, is a high-capacity
capacitor with a capacitance value much higher than other capacitors, but
with lower voltage limits, that bridges the gap between electrolytic
capacitors and rechargeable batteries.
GRAPHENE BASED SUPERCAPACITORS
WHY?
 Graphene is often suggested as a replacement for activated carbon in supercapacitors, in
part due to its high relative surface area (which is even more substantial than that of
activated carbon).
 In addition, graphene based supercapacitors will utilize its lightweight nature, elastic
properties and mechanical strength.

WHAT?
 Graphene-based supercapacitors are said to store almost as much energy as lithium-ion
batteries, charge and discharge in seconds and maintain all this over tens of thousands of
charging cycles

HOW?
 This can be achieved by using a highly porous form of graphene with a large internal surface
area (made by packing graphene powder into a coin-shaped cell and then dry and press it).
LITERATURE SURVEY
SYNTHESIS
 In the research paper Novel preparation of hydrophilic graphene/graphene oxide
nanosheets for supercapacitor electrode by Jie Tian, Sai Wu, Xianglu Yin, Wei Wu ,we
used high-speed homogeneous disperser as a piece of scalable exfoliating equipment and
graphite oxide as a low-cost additive to prepare graphene/graphene oxide nanosheets in
water from expanded graphite.
CHARACTERIZATION
 In the research paper Characteristics Tuning of Graphene-OxideBased-Graphene to Various
End-Uses by Jisoo Parka , Young Shik Choa , Sae Jin Sunga , Minhoo Byeona , Seung Jae Yangb
and Chong Rae Parka examined how the characteristics and performance of graphene in
applications, such as batteries and super capacitors, conductive electrodes, and gas barrier
films, change according to the conditions of the adopted process focusing mainly on graphene
derived from GO.
OBJECTIVES
 Raman spectroscopy provides that the ID/IG ratio of RGO is higher than GO
due to restoration of the conjugated graphene network (sp2 carbon) after the
removal of functional groups. This is the reason for the decrease in the size of
the graphene layer compared to GO which is correlated with DLS results.
 Despite its excellent properties, GO and rGO-related works have shown lack
of reproducibility because of its molecular characteristics susceptible to the
synthesis conditions.
 On measuring the leakage current in parallel, it has been noticed that the
leakage current has been reduced but leakage hasn’t been rectified
completely.
METHODOLOGY
Synthesis and purification of GO
 GO was prepared by the oxidation of natural graphite powder according to Hummers
method with a modification of removing NaNO3 from the reaction formula. Typically,
graphite powder (3.0 g) was added to concentrated H2SO4 (70 mL) under stirring in an ice
bath. Under vigorous agitation, KMnO4 (9.0 g) was added slowly to keep the temperature
of the suspension lower than 20 C. Successively, the reaction system was transferred to a
40 C oil bath and vigorously stirred for about 0.5 h. Then, 150 mL water was added, and
the solution was stirred for 15 min at 95 C. The mixture was filtered and washed with 1:10
HCl aqueous solution to remove metal ions. The resulting solid was dried in air and diluted
to 600 mL, making a graphite oxide aqueous dispersion. Finally, it was purified by dialysis.
Instruments And Characterizations
 Raman spectra were recorded on a Renishaw Raman spectrometer with a 514 nm laser
at a power of 4.7 mW. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were recorded on an ESCALAB
250 photoelectron spectrometer (ThermoFisher Scientific) with Al Ka (1486.6 eV) as
the Xray source set at 150 W and a pass energy of 30 eV for high resolution scan. UV–
visible spectra were taken out by the use of a U-3010 UV–visible spectrometer (Hitachi,
Japan). Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) were taken out on a field-emission
scanning electron microscope (Sirion-200, Japan). Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectra were recorded on a
Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Bruker Vertex V70).
APPLICATION
 Carbon fibre reinforced plastics – used in race cars, and bikes, among other
applications
 Materials for Li ion batteries – used in laptops and cell phones
 Carbon nanotubes – few commercial applications currently, but these will
likely play a central role in emerging nanotechnologies
 Metamaterials – recent experiments involving these resulted in a prototype
invisibility cloak.
 In the research paper Supercapacitor Devices Based on Graphene Materials by Yan
Wang and Zhiqiang Shi, we have fabricated supercapacitors using graphene materials
(GMs) and found that the GMs prepared using the gas-based hydrazine reduction at
room temperature gave remarkable results with specific capacitance of 205 F/g,
energy density of 28.5 Wh/kg and power density of 10 kW/kg. The high value of the
power density ∼10 kW/kg is well suited for surge-power delivery applications.
REFERENCES
 [A] Zaaba, N.I., Foo, K.L., Hashim, U., Tan, S.J., Liu, W.W. and Voon, C.H., 2017.
Synthesis of graphene oxide using modified hummers method: solvent influence.
Procedia engineering, 184, pp.469-477.
 [B] Roy, I., Sarkar, G., Mondal, S., Rana, D., Bhattacharyya, A., Saha, N.R., Adhikari,
A., Khastgir, D., Chattopadhyay, S. and Chattopadhyay, D., 2016. Synthesis and
characterization of graphene from waste dry cell battery for electronic applications.
RSC Advances, 6(13), pp.10557-10564.
 [C] Chen, J., Yao, B., Li, C. and Shi, G., 2013. An improved Hummers method for
ecofriendly synthesis of graphene oxide. Carbon, 64, pp.225-229.
 [D] Jianchao H., Tongning M., Pingkuo L. Comprehensive evaluation on graphene's
potentials and industrial development in China.
 [E] Ballesio, A., Parmeggiani, M., Verna, A., Frascella, F., Cocuzza, M., Pirri, C.F. and
Marasso, S.L., 2019. A novel hot embossing Graphene transfer process for flexible
electronics. Microelectronic Engineering, 209, pp.16-19.
 [F] Park, J., Cho, Y.S., Sung, S.J., Byeon, M., Yang, S.J. and Park, C.R., 2018.
Characteristics tuning of graphene-oxide-based-graphene to various end-uses. Energy
Storage Materials, 14, pp.8-21.
THANK YOU
GRAPHENE
THE MATERIAL
OF THE FUTURE