COME HOLY SPIRIT

Come Holy Spirit

Fill the hearts of your faithful
And kindle them the fire of your love
Send forth your Spirit, O Lord

That the face of the earth be renewed

O God, who by the light of the Holy Spirit

Instruct the hearts of your faithful.
Grant that by the same Spirit, we may ever
Know what is right and ever rejoice in His
Consolation through Christ, our Lord. Amen
 WHAT ARE THE SEVEN (7) FUNTIONS OF
COUNSELORS?

1. Providers of individual and group counseling services

2. Developmental classroom guidance specialists
3. Career development specialists
4. Agents of diversity and multiculturalism.
5. Advocates of students with special needs and students-
at-risk.
6. Advocates of a safe school environment.
7. School and community collaboration specialists
 WHAT ARE THE EIGHT (8) AREAS OF
SPECIALIZATION OF COUNSELORS?

1. School Counseling
2. Mental Health or Clinical Counseling
3. Rehabilitation Counseling
4. Vocational Counselors or career counselors
5. Industrial Counseling
6. Marriage and Family Counseling
7. Private Practice
8. Community Counseling
 WHAT ARE THE SEVEN (7) CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR
PROFESSIONAL COUNSELORS?

1. Elementary and High School Counselors

2. College Counselors
3. Teaching in the Academe
4. Workshop Facilitator
5. Career Counselors
6. Substance Abuse Counselors
7. Researcher
CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES
IN COUNSELING
o Counselors are employed in different work settings such as
schools, community, private sector, mental facilities, and
government. However, most are deployed in school settings
and mental facilities.
o Counselors deals with a mixture of people with different
concerns and issues.
 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING

PEOPLE WHO ABUSE DRUGS – drug abuse is not just

harmful to our physical health but to our mental health
as well.
 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING
PEOPLE WHO USE TOBACCO – slowly our population recognizes
the bad effects of tobacco to our health. However, many people
still use and continue use tobacco even if it is deadly. Users find it
difficult to stop smoking.
 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING
PEOPLE WHO ABUSE ALCOHOL – alcoholism is seen as a
disease alcoholic find it difficult to stop drinking on their own.
This requires help from a professional as it requires appropriate
treatment.
 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING

WOMEN – most men still have less participation in

household responsibilities and child care.
 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING

OLDER ADULTS – a transition from a busy life to

retirement stage must be instituted.
 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING
PEOPLE WITH AIDS – acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS) has been labeled as the most feared disease due to its
incurability. Victims of this disease are seeking help to improve
their quality of life and to handle their emotional stress and low
self-esteem
 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING
 VICTIMS OF ABUSE – this population represents victims of
domestic violence characterized by spouse and child abuses.
Spouse abuse is often associated with poverty, drug abuse and
career disappointments.
 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING
GAY MEN AND LESBIAN WOMEN - they are usually the
victims of harassment, violence, discrimination, and
isolation. Gays and lesbians, like other sectors of the
society, suffer from peer denial, family clash, health
uncertainties and prejudgment.
 COUNSELING AND
ITS WORK SETTING
 COUNSELING AND ITS WORK SETTING

COUNSELORS IN SCHOOLS

- According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003), counselors are

recognized especially in the preventive interventions and
developmental stage.
- There are elementary school counselors, junior high school
counselors, secondary school counselors, counselors in
vocational schools, counselors in higher education, and
counselors in community and junior colleges.
- The counseling service in the schools is usually located under
the student affairs program. It is under the supervision of the
Dean of Students Affairs.
 COUNSELING AND ITS WORK SETTING

COUNSELORS IN THE COMMUNITY SETTING

- Refers to employment in community, agency, and

other non-school professional situations.

- Counselors can be found in community and mental

health agencies, employment and rehabilitation
agencies, correctional settings, and marriage and
family practice.
 COUNSELING AND ITS WORK SETTING

COUNSELORS IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR

– refers to counselors who decided to do full time work

as private practitioners or engage in part–time private
practice while employed by community agencies.

- This is feasible if the counselor’s expertise and

specialization matches or relevant to an adequate client
population in the geographic area.
 COUNSELING AND ITS WORK SETTING

COUNSELORS IN THE GOVERNMENT

- Counselors are also present in various agencies of

government or institutions supported by the
government that are into social welfare, health, and
education.

- Relevant agencies or institutions include public

schools, public social welfare agencies such as that
for the youth, children, and the aging.
PROCESSES IN
COUNSELING
 PROCESSES IN COUNSELING

There are six stages of the counseling process, namely,

relationship building, assessment and diagnosis,
formulation of the counseling goals, intervention and
problem solving, termination and follow-up, and research
and evaluation.
 PROCESSES IN COUNSELING
Stage One: RELATIONSHIP BUILDING
 PROCESSES IN COUNSELING
Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis
 PROCESSES IN COUNSELING
Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals
 PROCESSES IN COUNSELING
 Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving
 PROCESSES IN COUNSELING
Stage Five: Termination and Follow–up
 PROCESSES IN COUNSELING
Stage Six: Research and Evaluation
METHODS IN COUNSELING
CLASSIC THEORIES

The psychological theories developed by Sigmund

Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung are considered
as the classic schools for the reason that they
primed the underpinning of clinical practice.
FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

The approach of Freud in counselling and

psychotherapy is popularly known as
psychoanalysis which is an analysis of the mind.

Psychoanalysis has three goals:

1. To help clients gain insights about themselves
2. To help clients work unstuck issues
3. To help clients cope with the stresses of the
society.
The following techniques may be used:

FREE ASSOCIATION- a method to encourage the patient to discuss

whatever comes to his mind in order to release suppressed emotions.

DREAM ANALYSIS- a method to explore unconscious process using

dreams.

CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION- a form of feedback procedure

for patients to become aware of what is happening to him/her and to
determine areas for further analysis.

INTERPRETATION- a process of giving insights to patients about their

inner conflicts which can be reflected in resistance, transference, and
other processes.
 ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

The approach of Adler in counseling and

psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition is
psychological functioning.

Its objective is to gain an understanding of the

clients and assess why clients behave and think
in certain ways.
Adlerian counseling focuses on four goals:

1. Establishment and maintenance of egalitarian relationship

2. Analysis of client’s lifestyle

3. Interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that promotes

insight

4. Reorientation and reeducation of the client with

accompanying behavior change.
 Adlerian techniques can be explained in four phases of
Adlerian Psychotherapy.

First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP

-Use of listening skills
-Winning respect and offering hope
-Encouragement

Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT

-Lifestyle Analysis
-Dream analysis may be used to conduct lifestyle analysis
Third Phase: PROMOTING INSIGHT
-Insight Process

Fourth Phase: REORIENTATION

-Spitting in the Client’s Soup
-The push-button techniques
-Catching oneself
-Acting as-if
JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY

The counseling and psychology

approach of Jung is referred to as
psychotherapy.
EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES

It falls under the affective theories which are concerned

about generating impact on the emotions of clients to
effect change.

The well-known experiential theorists include Rogers

and Pearls.
Roger’s Person-Centered Counseling
It has been described as the “if-then”
approach.

The following conditions were formulated by

Rogers:
1. Counselor Congruence
2. Empathic Understanding
3. Unconditional Positive Regard
Pearl’s Gestalt Therapy

It focuses on the here and now.

It refers to the dialogue between the

therapist and the client wherein the client
experiences from the inside what the
therapist observes from the outside.
Gestalt’s technique includes the following:

ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY- rephrase the statement and add “I take

responsibility for it”.

USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS -take personal responsibility by saying

“I or me” instead of stating in general “we or us”.

NOW I AM AWARE- assists the clients to get in touch with

himself/herself.

THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE- helps client work through

conflicting parts of personality.
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES

It highlight the task of cognition in psychological

functioning.
Ellis Rational Emotive Behavior
Therapy

REBT highlights the role of cognitions

on emotions with assertion that persons
can be best appreciated in terms of
internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk
REBT TECHNIQUES:

COGNITIVE- reforming ideas that are reasonable and

irrational. Focus on “defeating cognitions”.

EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES- focus on the client’s “affective or

emotional domain”

BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES- Focus on the full array of

behavioral methods such as assertiveness training, relaxation
therapy, self-management, self-monitoring, and homework
assignments.
BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY

Cognitive Therapy highlights the vitality

of cognitive thinking particularly
dysfunctional thoughts.

This counseling approach is appropriate

for people suffering from depressions
and anxieties.
TECHNIQUES:

DECATASTROPHIZING - referred to as “what if”.

REDEFINING - rearticulating an obstacle to something that may

be useful.

DECENTERING - This will help the client apprehend that they are
not the “center of attention”.

BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES – this method applies a broad

selection of methods to assist clients obtaining “essential skills,
relaxing preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to
feared, preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to
feared situations”.
 
BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

Refers to examining and dissecting

transactions between people.

It includes evaluating the “three ego state of

parent, adult, and child of each person”.

The fundamental goal is for the client to be

“autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and
have the capacity for intimacy.”