CRG650

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 Differentiate between Moral & Legal Standards

 Understand the terms in moral reasoning

concept

 Distinguish between ethical & unethical

behaviour

 Identify the Cognitive Moral Development

philosophy

 Islamic Perspectives (Umaruddin & Rafik Bekun)

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 General pattern or “way of life”
 Set of rules of conduct or “moral code”
 Inquiry about ways of life & rules of

conduct

Ethical - relating to, or dealing with ethics

in accordance with the accepted
principles of right and wrong that govern
the conduct of a profession.

Unethical -? (vice versa)

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 Moral Standards
Ethics are rules of conduct that have
values
Comes from people’s awareness of
what is right and wrong
Legal Standards
Laws are rules developed by
governments in order to provide
balance in society and protection to its
citizens.
Laws are enforced by governments to
its people

Moral codes which every person must Codifications of ethics meant to

conform to regulate society
Does not carry any punishment to law will punish anyone who happens
anyone who violates it to violate it.
Comes from within a person’s moral Made with ethics as a guiding
values principle.

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 Defined as being the process in which an
individual tries to determine the
difference between what is right and what
is wrong in a personal situation by using
logic.
MORAL DEFINITION
Sensitivity the ability to see an ethical dilemma, including how our
actions will affect others
Judgment the ability to reason correctly about what 'ought' to be
done in a specific situation
Motivation a personal commitment to moral action, accepting
responsibility for the outcome
Character a courageous persistence in temptations to take the easy
way out

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 This theory holds that moral reasoning & basis for ethical
behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages.
Level Definition/Examples
Pre-Conventional 1. Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I
avoid punishment?)
2. Self-interest orientation (What's in it for me?) (Paying
for a benefit)

Conventional 3. Interpersonal accord and conformity (Social norms)

(The good boy/good girl attitude)
4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
(Law and order morality)

Post-Conventional 5. Social contract orientation

6. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience)

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 Al-Ghazali discover human psychological is based on Self or
Qalb (Heart)
 Self is expressed by 4 terms: Qalb (heart), Ruh (soul), Nafs
(desire-nature) & Aql (intellect)
 Aql that makes human is different with animal in the way of
thinking
 The basis of Aql is on Ilm (knowledge) on this world and the
next through rational principles
 6 powers included in Self of man: appetite, anger, impulse,
apprehension, intellect & will.
 Impulse, apprehension and will rebel against intellect which
called Satanic.
 4 elements in the nature of man are: the pig (As-Shahwa), the
dog (al-Ghadab) & the devil
 Hence, Aql with knowledge plays an important role which
makes possible in differentiate between right or wrong.

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 Axioms Definition

Unity Tawhid. The political, economic, social & religious aspects of

a man’s life form a homogeneous whole.

Equilibrium Adil. Balance among various aspects in producing best social

order

Free will Ability to act without external coercion within Allah’s

creation as trustee on earth

Responsibility Need to accountable for all actions

Benevolence Ihsan. Actions that benefit persons other than whom the
action proceeds without any obligation.

Please read further from article for examples

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