* Research

Methodology
Tejasvi Dagar
Research Scholar
Department of management studies
Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya

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Research Strategies

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 Research strategy

*A research strategy refers to the step-by-step plan

of action that gives direction to the researcher’s
thought process.
*The main purpose is to introduce the principal
components of the study such as research topic,
areas, major focus, research design and finally the
research methods.

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Types of Research Strategies

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 Types of Research Strategies

Qualitative

*This strategy is generally used when to understand

the underlying reasons or the opinion of the people on
certain facts or a problem. It does not involve
numerical data. It provides insights into the research
problem and hence helps in achieving the research
objectives. Various methods that can be used include
interviews, observations, open-ended surveys and
focus group discussions.

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 *Quantitative
It involves the collection of primary or
secondary data which is in numerical form.
Under this strategy, the researcher can collect
the data by using questionnaires, polls and the
surveys or through secondary sources. This
strategy mainly focuses on the when, where,
what and how often a specific phenomenon
occurs.

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Strategy Definition Purpose Example aim

Qualitative A method of It is useful when the An in-depth analysis

research strategy observation to researcher wants to of perceptions of
collect non- understand the occupants in an old-
numerical data. underlying reasons age home regarding
or the opinion of the the quality of
people on certain service.  
facts or the problem.

Quantitative Researches To investigate when, A survey on the

research strategy involving collection where, what and effectiveness of
of numerical data in how often a specific online marketing
the form of surveys phenomenon occurs. strategies on
or through   consumer
secondary sources. satisfaction of
Unilever in India.

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*How to write a research
strategy?
*Step1: Defining the research paradigm
*Step 2: Defining the research design
*Step 3: Defining research methods
*Step 4: Defining the sampling strategy

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 *Things to keep in mind
while writing research
Strategies
* Is it suitable for the research aim?
* Feasibility as per available sources
* Ethical considerations

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*Research
design
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* A research design is based on a framework and
provides a direction to the investigation being
conducted in the most efficient manner.
* Research design is the framework that has
been created to seek answers to research
questions. On the other hand, research method
is the technique to collect the information
required.

*Research design
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* Why Is Research Design Important?

* Good research design is the “first rule of good research.”

* Knowledge of the needed research design allows advance
planning so that the project may be conducted in less time
and typically at a cost savings due to efficiencies gained in
preplanning.

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* To gain background information and to develop
hypotheses
* To measure the state of a variable of interest
* To test hypotheses that specify the
relationships between two or more variables

*Objectives of
Research Design
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 Research Design
The research design needs

*Clear objectives derived from the research question

*To specify sources of data collection

*To consider constraints and ethical issues

*Valid reasons for your choice of design

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*Classification of
research design

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*Exploratory research
design
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Exploratory research is a valuable means of
finding out ‘what is happening to seek new
insights; to ask questions and to assess
phenomena in a new light’. It is particularly
useful if you wish to clarify your understanding
of a problem, such as if you are unsure of
precise nature of the problem . It may well be
that time is well spent on exploratory research,
as it may show that the research is not worth
pursuing!

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* Gain background information
* Define terms
* Clarify problems and hypothesis
* Establish research priorities

*Uses of Exploratory
Research
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* Case analysis: a review of available
information about a former situation(s) that
has some similarities to the current research
problem
* Focus groups: small groups brought together
and guided by a moderator through an
unstructured, spontaneous discussion for the
purpose of gaining information relevant to the
research problem

*
Exploratory Research Methods

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 Explanatory research

*Studies that establish causal relationships

between variables may be termed
explanatory research. The emphasis her is on
studying a situation or a problem in order to
explain the relationship between variables.
For example, that a cursory analysis of
quantitative data on manufacturing scrap
rates shows a relationship between scrap
rates and the age of machine being operated
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 Explanatory Research

*There are three principal ways of conducting

explanatory research:
*A search of the literature;
*Interviewing ‘experts’ in the subject;
*Conducting focus group interviews.

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 Descriptive studies
*The object of descriptive research is ‘ to
‘portray an accurate profile of persons,
events or situations’. This may be an
extension of, or a forerunner to a piece of
exploratory research or, more often, a piece
of explanatory research. It is necessary to
have a clear picture of the phenomena on
which you wish to collect data prior to
collection of data.

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Cross-sectional studies
Longitudinal studies

* Descriptive Research
Classifications

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* Cross-sectional studies measure units from a
sample of the population at only one point in
time (or “snapshot”).
* Sample surveys are cross-sectional studies whose
samples are drawn in such a way as to be
representative of a specific population.
* These studies are usually presented with a
margin of error.

*Descriptive Research
Studies
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* Longitudinal studies repeatedly measure the
same sample units of a population over time.
* Since they involve multiple measurements over
time, they are often described as “movies” of
the population.

*Descriptive Research
Studies
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* Continuous panels ask panel members the
same questions on each panel measurement.
* Discontinuous panels vary questions from one
panel measurement to the next.
* These are sometimes referred to as omnibus
panels (omnibus meaning “including or covering
many things or classes”).

*Descriptive Research
Studies
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Causality may be thought of as understanding
a phenomenon in terms of conditional
statements of the form “If x, then y.”
Causal relationships are often determined by
the use of experiments.

*Causal Research
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 Research design ethics

Remember

‘The research design should not subject the

research population to embarrassment, harm
or other material disadvantage’

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