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Generalized Linear Phase

Quote of the Day


The mathematical sciences particularly exhibit
order, symmetry, and limitation; and these are
the greatest forms of the beautiful.
                             
Aristotle

Content and Figures are from Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2e by Oppenheim, Shafer, and Buck, ©1999-2000 Prentice Hall Inc.
Linear Phase System
• Ideal Delay System
 
Hid e j  e  j  
• Magnitude, phase, and group delay
 
Hid e j  1
H  e   
id
j

grdH  e   
id
j

• Impulse response
sin n    
hid n 
n   
• If =nd is integer
hid n  n  nd 
• For integer  linear phase system delays the input
yn  xn  hid n  xn  n  nd   xn  nd 

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Linear Phase Systems
• For non-integer  the output is an interpolation of samples
• Easiest way of representing is to think of it in continuous

hc  t    t  T  and Hc  j   e  jT

• This representation can be used even if x[n] was not originally


derived from a continuous-time signal
• The output of the system is
yn  xnT  T 

• Samples of a time-shifted, band-limited interpolation of the


input sequence x[n]
• A linear phase system can be thought as
   
H e j  H e j e  j

• A zero-phase system output is delayed by 


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Symmetry of Linear Phase Impulse Responses
• Linear-phase systems
   
H e j  H e j e  j
=5

• If 2 is integer
– Impulse response symmetric

h2  n  hn
=4.5

=4.3

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Generalized Linear Phase System
• Generalized Linear Phase

He    A  e e
j j  j  j  
A e j : Real function of 
 and  constants
• Additive constant in addition to linear term
• Has constant group delay
   grd H e j     
d
d
arg H e j      
• And linear phase of general form
  
arg H e j     0

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Condition for Generalized Linear Phase
• We can write a generalized linear phase system response as
       
H e j  A e j e  j  j  A e j cos      jA e j sin    
H e    hne
  
j

n  
 jn
  hn cos n  j  hn sin n
n   n  

• The phase angle of this system is 


  hn sin n
sin    
 n 
cos    
 hn cos n n  
• Cross multiply to get necessary condition for generalized linear
phase  

 hn cos n sin       hn sin n cos      0


n   n  

 hncos n sin      sin n cos       0


n  
 

 hn sin     n   hn sin  n      0


n   n  
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Symmetry of Generalized Linear Phase
• Necessary condition for generalized linear phase

 hn sin  n      0


n  
• For =0 or 

 hn sin n      0  h2  n  hn


n  

• For = /2 or 3/2


 hn cos n      0  h2  n  hn


n  

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Causal Generalized Linear-Phase System
• If the system is causal and generalized linear-phase
hM  n  hn

• Since h[n]=0 for n<0 we get

hn  0 n  0 and n  M

• An FIR impulse response of length M+1 is generalized linear


phase if they are symmetric
• Here M is an even integer

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Type I FIR Linear-Phase System
• Type I system is defined with
symmetric impulse response
hn  hM  n for 0  n  M

– M is an even integer

• The frequency response can


be written as
    hne
M
j  jn
He
n 0

M / 2 
e  jM / 2
 an cos  n 
 n0 
• Where
a0  hM / 2
ak   2hM / 2  k  for k  1,2,..., M/2

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Type II FIR Linear-Phase System
• Type I system is defined with
symmetric impulse response
hn  hM  n for 0  n  M

– M is an odd integer

• The frequency response can


be written as
    hne
M
j  jn
He
n0

  M 1  / 2   1  
  bn cos  n   
 jM / 2
e
 n 1   2  
• Where
bk   2h M  1 / 2  k 
for k  1,2,..., M  1 /2

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Type III FIR Linear-Phase System
• Type I system is defined with
symmetric impulse response
hn  hM  n for 0  n  M

– M is an even integer

• The frequency response can


be written as
    hne
M
j  jn
He
n0

M / 2 
 je  jM / 2
 cn sin  n 
 n 1 
• Where
ck   2hM / 2  k 
for k  1,2,..., M/2

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Type IV FIR Linear-Phase System
• Type I system is defined with
symmetric impulse response
hn  hM  n for 0  n  M

– M is an odd integer

• The frequency response can


be written as
    hne
M
j  jn
He
n0

  M 1 / 2   1  
  dn sin  n   
 jM / 2
 je
 n 1   2  
• Where
dk   2h M  1 / 2  k 
for k  1,2,..., M  1 /2

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Location of Zeros for Symmetric Cases
• For type I and II we have
hn  hM  n 
z
  H z   z MH z 1  
• So if z0 is a zero 1/z0 is also a zero of the system
• If h[n] is real and z0 is a zero z0* is also a zero
• So for real and symmetric h[n] zeros come in sets of four
• Special cases where zeros come in pairs
– If a zero is on the unit circle reciprocal is equal to conjugate
– If a zero is real conjugate is equal to itself
• Special cases where a zero come by itself
– If z=1 both the reciprocal and conjugate is itself
• Particular importance of z=-1
H  1    1 H  1
M

– If M is odd implies that


H  1  0
– Cannot design high-pass filter with symmetric FIR filter and M odd

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Location of Zeros for Antisymmetric Cases
• For type III and IV we have

hn  hM  n 
z
  H z   z MH z 1 
• All properties of symmetric systems holds
• Particular importance of both z=+1 and z=-1
– If z=1
H1  H1  H1  0
• Independent from M: odd or even
– If z=-1
H  1    1 H  1
M 1

• If M+1 is odd implies that

H  1  0

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Typical Zero Locations

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Relation of FIR Linear Phase to Minimum-Phase
• In general a linear-phase FIR system is not minimum-phase
• We can always write a linear-phase FIR system as
H z   Hmin  z Huc  z Hmax  z 

• Where
 
Hmax  z   Hmin z 1 z Mi

• And Mi is the number of zeros


• Hmin(z) covers all zeros inside the unit circle
• Huc(z) covers all zeros on the unit circle
• Hmax(z) covers all zeros outside the unit circle

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Example
• Problem 5.45

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