STM10142 Discrete

Mathematics Topic 1 -
Numbering System
Topic 1 : Numbering System
1.1 Concept of numbering system
1.2 Decimal and binary numbering system
1.3 Octal numbering system

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 1.
Concept of Numbering
System

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What is NUMBER SYSTEM
● A way to represent / writing numbers
● A mathematical notation - representing numbers of a
given set
● Use of digits or other symbols in a consistent manner
Source : Wikipedia

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NUMBER SYSTEMS in computer
● Technique to represent numbers in the computer system
architecture
● Every value (letters or words) save into or get from computer
memory has a defined number system
● Computer translates them in numbers as computers can
understand only numbers
Source :tutorialspoint and includehelp.com

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Types of NUMBER SYSTEMS
● Binary Number System
● Octal Number System
● Decimal Number System
● Hexadecimal (hex) number system

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Binary Octal
NUMBER SYSTEMS NUMBER SYSTEMS
● Has only 2 digits ● Has only 8 digits
(0 and 1) (from 0 to 7)
● Also called as base-2 ● Also called base-8
● Every value represents ● Every value represents with
with o and 1 in this 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 in this
number system number system

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Decimal
NUMBER SYSTEMS
● Has only 10 digits
(from 0 to 9)
● Also called base-10
● Every value represents with
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
in this number system
Hexadecimal
NUMBER SYSTEMS
● Has only 16 alphanumeric
values (from 0 to 9 and A to
F)
● Also called base-16
● Every value represents with 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C,
D, E and F in this number
system 8
Summary Table of the NUMBER
SYSTEMS
Number System Base Used Digits
Binary 2 0, 1
Octal 8 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Decimal 10 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Hexadecimal 16 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E,
F

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1.1
Decimal number system
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
● Having 10 digit from 0 to 9
● A positional value system - the value of digits will depend on its
position
● Example :
○ In 731, value of 7 is 7 hundred or 700 or 7 x 100 or 7 x 10²
○ In 273, value of 7 is 7 tens or 70 or 7 x 10 or 7 x 101
● Digit value = digit x positional value
● The weightage of position can be represented as follows
104 103 102 101 100

103 102 101 100 . 10-1 10-2

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Source : tutorialspoint
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM (cont)
● Example 1 :
○ Decimal number : 12310 is made up of

(1 x 100) + (2 x 10) + (3 x 1)
(1 x 102) + (2 x 101) + (3 x 100)
100 + 20 + 3
123

Source : tutorialspoint
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DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM (cont)
● Example 2 :
○ Decimal number : 456710 is made up of

(4 x 1000) + (5 x 100) + (6 x 10) + (7 x 1)

(4 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (6 x 101) + (7 x 100)
4000 + 500 + 60 + 7
4567

Source : tutorialspoint
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DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM (cont)
● Example 3 :
○ Decimal number : 78.9110 is made up of

(7 x 10) + (8 x 1) + (9 x 0.1) + (1 x 0.01) +

(7 x 101) + (8 x 100) + (9 x 10-1) + (1 x 10-2)
70 + 8 + 0.9 + 0.01
78.91

Source : tutorialspoint
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DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
(Exercise 1)
Represent each of the following with its positional value

1) 2610
2) 89110
3) 785610
4) 6854210
5) 225.9810
6) 45.69110
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DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
(Exercise 2)
What is the positional value of digit 9 in each of the following.

1) 593110
2) 6329410
3) 225.9810
4) 45.69110

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1.2
Binary number system
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
● Having 2 digit from 0 and 1
● Each binary digit is also call bit
● Number system used in computers
● A positional value system - each digit has a value expressed in
power of 2
24 = 16 23 = 8 22 = 4 21 = 2 20 = 1

● The rightmost digit is called Least Significant Bit (LSB) and

leftmost digit is called Most Significant Bit (MSB) :
1 0 0 0 1

MSB LSB
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Source : tutorialspoint
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM (cont)
Decimal Binary
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
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BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM (cont)
● Example :
○ Binary number : 12 can be represented as 1 x 20
○ Binary number : 102 can be represented as 1 x 21 + 0 x 20
○ Binary number : 1002 can be represented as 1 x 22 + 1 x
21 + 0 x 2 0

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 2.
Simplify Decimal and
Binary Numbering
System

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2.1
Decimal to Binary
Conversion
DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
(Method 1 - Divide by 2 with Remainder)
● Step by step to convert number in decimal (base-10) to
binary (base-2)
○ Divide the number by 2, keeping notice the quotient and
remainder
○ Take the quotient, and keep dividing by 2 until the reach
zero (0)
○ Write out the remainder in reverse order (starting from
the Least Significant Bit (LSB) to Most Significant Bit
(MSB))
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Source : wikihow.com
DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION (Method
2 - Descending Power of 2 and Subtraction)

● Step by step to convert number in decimal (base-10) to binary

(base-2)
○ Start making a chart (power of 2 in base-2 table
○ Look the greatest power of 2 (biggest number that fit into
the decimal number)
○ Subtract decimal number with the power of 2 number
○ Write 1 under the beneath box in chart
○ Move to the next lower power of 2
○ Repeat this method until reach the end of chart

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Source : wikihow.com
DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 1
○ Convert decimal number 510 into binary number
Method 1 : Divide by Two (2) with Remainder
2 5 5 / 2 = 2 remainder 1
2 2 remainder 1 2 / 2 = 1 remainder 0
2 1 remainder 0 1 / 2 = 0 remainder 1
0 remainder 1

510 = 510 =
1012 1012 25
DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 2
○ Convert decimal number 2410 into binary number
Method 2 : Descending Powers of Two (2) and Subtraction
23 22 21 20

8 4 2 1

1 0 1
5-4=1 1-1
=0
510 =
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DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 2
○ Convert decimal number 2410 into binary number
Method 1 : Divide by Two (2) with Remainder
2 24 24 / 2 = 12 remainder 0
2 12 remainder 0 12 / 2 = 6 remainder 0
2 6 remainder 0 6 /2 = 3 remainder 0
2 3 remainder 0 3 /2 = 1 remainder 1
2 1 remainder 1 1 /2 = 0 remainder 1
0 remainder 1
2410 = 110002
2410 = 110002 27
DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 1
○ Convert decimal number 2410 into binary number
Method 2 : Descending Powers of Two (2) and Subtraction
25 24 23 22 21 20

32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 0 0 0
24 - 16 = 8 16 - 8 = 0

2410 = 110002
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DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
(Exercise 3)
Convert the following decimal numbers to their binary equivalents

1) 6410
2) 10110
3) 12810
4) 14710
5) 22510

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2.2
Binary to Decimal
Conversion
BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
(Method 1 - Use Positional Notation)
● Step by step to convert number in binary (base-2) to decimal
(base-10)
○ Write down the binary number and list the powers of 2
from right to left
○ Write the digits of the binary number below their
corresponding power of 2
○ Write the final value of each power of 2
○ Add the final values

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Source : wikihow.com
BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
(Method 2 - Use Doubling)
● Step by step to convert number in binary (base-2) to decimal
(base-10)
○ Write down the binary number
○ Starting from left, double previous total and add the current
digit
○ Double current digit and add the next leftmost digit
○ Repeat the previous step until out of digits

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Source : wikihow.com
BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 1
○ Convert binary number 101110 into decimal number
Method 1 : Use Positional Notation
23 22 21 20

8 4 2 1

1 0 1 1

8 + 0 2 1
+ + = 11

10112 =
33
BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 2
○ Convert binary number 10112 into decimal number
Method 2 : Use Doubling
10112
0x2+1=1
1x2+0=2 10112 =
2x2+1=5 1110
5 x 2 + 1 = 11 34
BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 1
○ Convert binary number 101101110 into decimal number
Method 1 : Use Positional Notation

26 25 24 23 22 21 20
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 1

64 0 16 8 0 2 1
+ + + + + + = 91

10110112 = 35
BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 2
○ Convert binary number 10110112 into decimal number
Method 2 : Use Doubling
10110112
0x2+1=1
1x2+0=2
2x2+1=5 10110112 =
5 x 2 + 1 = 11
11 x 2 + 0 = 22 9110
22 x 2 + 1 = 45
45 x 2 + 1 = 91 36
DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
(Exercise 4)
Convert the following decimal numbers to their binary equivalents

1) 1012
2) 10102
3) 111012
4) 1011102
5) 11000012

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 3.
Octal Numbering
System

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3.1
Octal number system
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM
● Have 8 possible digit value from 0 and 7
● Requires only 3 bits to represent value
● A positional value system - each digit has a value expressed in
power of 8
84 = 4096 83 = 512 82 = 64 81 = 8 80 = 1

● The rightmost digit is called Least Significant Bit (LSB) and

leftmost digit is called Most Significant Bit (MSB) :
2 5 1

MSB LSB

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Source : tutorialspoint
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM (cont)
Decimal Octal Binary
0 0 000
1 1 001
2 2 010
3 3 011
4 4 100
5 5 101
6 6 110
7 7 111
8 10 1000
9 11 1001

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OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM (cont)
● Example :
○ Octal number : 18 can be represented as 1 x 80
○ Octal number : 108 can be represented as 1 x 81 + 0 x 80
○ Octal number : 2578 can be represented as 2 x 82 + 5 x 81
+ 5 x 80

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3.1
Decimal to Octal
Conversion
DECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION
(Method 1 - Converting with Division)
● Step by step to convert number in decimal (base-10) to octal
(base-8)
○ Write the decimal number
○ List the power of 8
○ Divide the decimal number by the largest power of 8
○ Find the remainder
○ Divide the remainder by the next power of 8
○ Repeat until found the full answer

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Source : wikihow.com
DECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION
(Method 2 - Converting with Remainders)
● Step by step to convert number in decimal (base-10) to octal
(base-8)
○ Write the decimal number
○ Divide the decimal number by 8
○ Find the remainder
○ Divide the answer to division problem by 8. Set aside
the remainder
○ Divide by 8 again
○ Repeat until find the final digit
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Source : wikihow.com
DECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example
○ Convert decimal number 9810 into octal number
Method 1 : Converting with Division
80 =1 98 / 64 = 1 remainder 34
81 =8 34 / 8 = 4 remainder 2
82 = 64
2/1 = 2 remainder 0
83 = 512 > 98

9810 = 1428
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DECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example
○ Convert decimal number 9810 into octal number
Method 2 : Converting with Remainder
8 98
8 12 remainder 2
8 1 remainder 4
0 remainder 1

9810 = 1428
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DECIMAL TO OCTAL CONVERSION
(Exercise 5)
Convert the following decimal numbers to their octal equivalents

1) 12710
2) 45610
3) 109810
4) 626010

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3.2
Octal to Decimal
Conversion
OCTAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
(Method 1 - Use Positional Notation)
● Step by step to convert number in octal (base-8) to decimal
(base-10)
○ Write down the binary number and list the powers of 8
from right to left
○ Write the digits of the octal number below their
corresponding power of 8
○ Write the final value of each power of 8
○ Add the final values
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OCTAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
(Method 2 - Use Doubling)
● Step by step to convert number in octal (base-8) to decimal
(base-10)
○ Write down the octal number
○ Starting from left, double previous total and add the current
digit
○ Double current digit and add the next leftmost digit
○ Repeat the previous step until out of digits

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Source : wikihow.com
OCTAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 1
○ Convert octal number 1678 into decimal number
Method 1 : Use Positional Notation
82 81 80

64 8 1
1 6 7

64 48 7
+ + = 119

1678 =
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OCTAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 1
○ Convert octal number 1678 into decimal number
Method 2 : Use Doubling

1678
0x8+1=1 1678 =
1 x 8 + 6 = 14 11910
14x 8 + 7 = 119

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OCTAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 2
○ Convert OCTAL number 14638 into decimal number
Method 1 : Use Positional Notation
83 82 81 80

512 64 8 1
1 4 6 3

512 256 48 3
+ + + = 819

14638 = 81910
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OCTAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 2
○ Convert octal number 14638 into decimal number
Method 2 : Use Doubling

14638
0x8+1=1
1 x 8 + 4 = 12 14638 = 81910
12 x 8 + 6 = 102
102 x 8 + 3 = 819
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OCTAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION
(Exercise 6)
Convert the following octal numbers to their decimal equivalents

1) 1258
2) 6748
3) 20618

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 4.
Binary and Octal
Number System

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4.1
Binary to Octal
Conversion
BINARY TO OCTAL CONVERSION
(Method 1 - Converting by Hand)
● Step by step to convert number in binary (base-2) to octal (base-8)
○ Recognize series of binary numbers
○ Group the binary number in sets of 3, starting from right
○ Add zero to the left digit if don’t have enough digits to make set of
3
○ Add 4, 2 and 1 underneath each set of 3 numbers to note
placeholders
○ If there is a one above any placeholders, write the number (4, 2 or
1) to start octal number
○ Add up the new numbers on each set of 3
○ Place the newly converted answers together
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Source : wikihow.com
BINARY TO OCTAL CONVERSION
(Method 2 - Converting Shortcuts)
● Step by step to convert number in binary (base-2) to octal
(base-8)
○ Use a simple octal conversion chart to save time and
work
○ Group the binary number in sets of 3, starting from right
○ Add zero to the left digit if don’t have enough digits to make
set of 3
○ Use the octal conversion chart to convert to each set of 3
binary numbers to octal numbers

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Source : wikihow.com
BINARY TO OCTAL CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 1
○ Convert binary number 110111012 into octal number
Method 1 : Converting by Hand
11011101

011 011 101

421 421 421

021 021 401 110111012 =

3 3 5 3358
335
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BINARY TO OCTAL CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 1
○ Convert binary number 110111012 into octal number
Method 2 : Converting Shortcuts
Octal Binary
11011101
0 000
1 001 011 011 101
2 010 3 3 5
3 011
335
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
110111012 =
62
335
BINARY TO OCTAL CONVERSION
(Exercise 7)
Convert the following binary numbers to their octal equivalents

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4.2
Octal to Binary
Conversion
OCTAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
(Method 1 - Two Step Converting)
● Step by step to convert number in octal (base-8) to binary (base-2)
○ Convert octal number to decimal number (use any method given)
○ Get and write the decimal number
○ Convert the decimal number to binary number (use any method
given)
○ The binary number converted is the final answer

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OCTAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
(Method 2 - Converting Shortcuts)
● Step by step to convert number in octal (base-8) to binary
(base-2)
○ Use a simple octal conversion chart to save time and
work
○ Use the octal conversion chart to convert to each digit of octal
number into set of 3 binary numbers

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OCTAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 1
○ Convert octal number 1258 into decimal number
Method 1 : Two Step Converting
82 81 80 85 / 2 = 42 remainder 1
42 / 2 = 21 remainder 0
64 8 1 21 / 2 = 10 remainder 1
1 2 5 10 / 2 = 5 remainder 0
5/2 = 2 remainder 1
64 16 5
+ + = 85 2/2 = 1 remainder 0
1/2 = 0 remainder 1
1258 = 8510 858 =
67
OCTAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
(cont)
● Example 1
○ Convert octal number 1258 into binary number
Method 2 : Converting Shortcuts
Octal Binary
125
0 000
1 001 1 2 5
2 010 001 010 101
3 011
335
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
1258 =
68
1010101
OCTAL TO BINARY CONVERSION
(Exercise 8)
Convert the following octal numbers to their binary equivalents

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