CHAPTER 3

SETS, RELATIONS
&
FUNCTIONS
 3.1 SETS
Definition set
SET IS A GROUP OF OBJECT
 SET can be represent by :

1) By description.
 B is a set of whole numbers from 5 to 8

2) Using set notation

 B = {5, 6, 7, 8 } or
B = { x | 5 ≤ ≤ 8} which read as B is a set of all x such that x is from 5
to 8.
B
3) Venn diagram •5 •8
•6
•7
 3.1 SETS
 Element of set
- an object is an element of a set
- an object is not an element of a set
 n(A) – number of elements in set A
 Empty / Null set ( / { } - A set does not contain any element
 Subset of a set
A ⊂ B – Every element in A also an element in set B.
 Universal sets ) – a set has all the elements under consideration
A⊂B⊂
 Example
1) Given 𝝃 = { x : x is an integer from 10 to 20}, A = {Odd numbers} ,
B = {prime numbers} and C= {Sum of two digits less than 5}
a) List the elements of A, B and C
b) Find n(Z)
c) Sketch all set in Venn diagrams

2) List the subsets of each of the following sets:

a) K = {1, 3}
b) L = {a, b, c}
 Operation on sets

A) Complement of set (A’)

 A set in which contains all the elements in 𝝃 but not in A.

Example

Find L’

a. If L = {m, n} and 𝝃 = {m, a, n, g, o}

b. If L = {factor of 24} and 𝝃 = {

 B. UNION OF SETS

 The union of sets A and B, denoted by is the set of all elements which
belong to A or B or both A and B.

Example
Given 𝝃 = { = {multiples of 3}, Q = {prime numbers}
R = { perfect squares}

a) list the elements of sets P, Q and R

b) Draw a Venn diagram

c) Find Q ∪ R and (P)’

 C. INTERSECTION OF SETS

 The intersection of sets A and B is the set of elements which are common to
both A and B. This relationship is written as A ∩ B

Example
Given 𝝃 = { = {Even numbers}, Q = {multiples of 3}
R = { sum of two digits more 6}

a) list the elements of sets P, Q and R

b) Draw a Venn diagram

c) Find P ∩ R and P’
 D. DIFFERENCE OF SETS

 A\B or A – B: Difference of A and B consists of all elements in A and not in B.

E. SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE OF SETS

 A ⨁ B: Set of all elements that are belong to A or B, but are not both A and B.
A ⨁ B = (A – B) ∪ (B – A).

Example
Given = {a, k, m, n} and M = {b, c, m, p, k}, find

a) K – M
b) M – K
c) K ⨁ M
Example
A poll was taken of the leisure time activities of 90 students. 60 students watch TV
(T), 60 students read (R), 70 students go to the cinema (C). 26 students watch TV,
read and go to the cinema, 20 students watch TV and go to the cinema only. 18
students read and go to the cinema only. 10 students read and watch TV only.
a. Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the above information.
b. Calculate how many students:
i. only watch TV.
ii. only go to the cinema.
 F. Combined Operations on Sets

• Example
Given = { x : x is an integer and }, K = { x : x is contain digit 7 or 9}, L = { x : x is sum
of digits are less than 5} and M = { x : x is multiple of 5}. Write each of the
following sets by listing its elements.

a) K∩L'∪M
b) K ∪ (L ∩ M)’
c) n [M∩(K'∪L)]
 G. CARTESIAN PRODUCT
Let A and B be sets. The Cartesian product of A and B, denoted by A x B, is the set
of all ordered pairs (a, b), where a ϵ A and b ϵ B.
Hence, A x B = { (a, b) a ϵ A and b ϵ B}

Example:
Given A = { 2, 4, 6} and B = { g, h}. Find
a) A x B
b) B x A
 3.2 RELATIONS
Definition of Relations (R)
A relation from set A to the set B is the subset of Cartesian product A x B.

Relations on a Set
A relation on the set A is a relation from A to A (itself).

Let A = {2, 3, 6}. Write ordered pairs of the following relations.

a) R = { (a, b) a less than b}
b) R = { (a, b) a divides b}
c) R = { (a, b) a = b}
The Diagraph of Relation & In-degree and Out-degree vertex

1) Draw the diagraph of the R = { (a, b), (b, a), (b, b), (b, c), (c, a)} on set A = {a, b, c}
2) State In-degree and Out-degree of each vertex
 Properties of relations

A) Reflexive – A relation R on a set A is called reflexive if (a,a) R for all

a A.

B) Symmetric – A relation R on a set A is called symmetric if (a,b) R,

then (b,a) R.

C) Transitive – A relation R on a set A is called transitive if (a,b) R and

(b,c) R then (a,c) R.
equivalence relation

 Reflexive
 Symmetric
 Transitive
EXAMPLE
Consider the following relations on A = {1,2,3,4}, determine whether these
relations are reflexive, symmetric and/or transitive. Hence, determine whether
these relations are equivalence relation.
 3.3 FUNCTIONS
Definition of Functions (f)
A relation in which every element in the domain has a unique image (one and only one) or
element in the range.

The properties of functions

A) One-to-one functions
A relation f from A to B is called a function if every image is matched to at most one object in
the domain and each object in the domain has only one image in range.

B) Onto functions (many-to-one)

Each image is matched to at least one object in the domain and each object in the domain has
only one image in range.
 EXAMPLE
Given that A = {a,b,c} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4} . Determine whether the following
relations are function or not. If it is a function state whether it is one to one or
onto function. Give reasons for you answer. Hence, find the domain and range
of every function.

a. R1 = {(a,1), (b,2), (c,2)}

b. R2 = {(a,1), (b,2)}
c. R3 = {(a,2), (b,2), (b,3), (c,4)}
d. R3 = {(a,2), (b,1), (c,4)}
 EXAMPLE
Given that f(x) = 3x – 5 , find

a. the image of 3
b. f(-2)
c. the object which has an image of 10
 Composite Function gf(x)
1. Given f = {(a,2), (b,3),(c,4)} from set A to B and g = {(2,m), (3,m), (4,n)} from
set B to set C. Find gf.

2. Given f(x) = 4x – 5 and g(x) = 3 – 2x, find the value of

a) fg(x)

b) gf (x)

c) (x)
 Inverse Function (x)
1. Given f = {(2,4), (3,9),(4,16), (5,25)} from set A to B. Find .

2. Given f(x) = 5x – 6, find

a) (x)

b) (3)
 Floor and Ceiling Function
 Floor function is the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x.

 Ceiling function is the least integer that is less than or equal x.

Example

Find the values of the following functions.

a)
b)
c)
d) + x
END