CHAPTER 2

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
COPERNICAN REVOLUTIONS
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
 A famous philosopher and astronomer, stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the
moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth.

GEOCENTRISM
 Also known as “geocentric model”.
 is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center.
 Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth.
The Geocentric Model
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
 A Polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic model.

HELIOCENTRISM
 A concept which suggested that the center of the Solar System was not the earth but
actually the sun.
 This idea was rejected at first by the public.

BIRTH OF MODERN ASTRONOMY

 This era began what was known as the scientific revolution which resulted in the
transformation of society’s thoughts and beliefs.
The Heliocentric Model
DARWINIAN REVOLUTIONS
CHARLES DARWIN
 An English naturalist, biologist and geologist.

ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES

 In this book, Darwin introduced the theory of evolution, which posited that populations
pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive.

EVOLUTION
 A process that states that organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and
would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive.
Evolution of Man
FREUDIAN REVOLUTIONS
SIGMUND FREUD
 was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and also a theory
which explains human behavior.

PSYCHOLOGY
 Was considered more of an art rather than science.

PSYCHOANALYSIS
 Is the study that explains human behavior.
 In this theory, Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that
can influence behaviors and emotions.
THREE ELEMENTS:
 ID (Pleasure Conscience)- is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends.

 EGO (Realistic Conscience) - is the organized, realistic part that mediates between
the desires of the id and the super-ego.

 SUPEREGO (Moralistic Conscience) - plays the critical and moralizing role.

THANK YOU!