Çengel

Boles
CHAPTER

11
Thermodynamic
Thermodynamics

Property
Relations

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 11-1
Geometric Representation of
Partial Derivation ( z/ x)y

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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 11-2
Geometric Representation of Total
Derivation dz for a function z(x,y)

(Fig. 11-4)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 11-3
Maxwell Relations are Extremely
Valuable in Thermodynamic Analysis

(Fig. 11-8)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 11-4
The Slope of the Saturation
Curve on a P-T Diagram
The slope of the saturation curve on a P-T diagram is constant
at a constant T or P

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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 11-5

Volume Expansivity
The volume expansivity (also called the coefficient of volumetric expansion) is a
measure of change in volume with temperature at a constant pressure

(Fig. 11-10)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

o o

o o

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 11-6
Development of an h= Constant
Line on a P-T Diagram

(Fig. 11-13)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 11-7
Constant-Enthalpy Lines of
Substance on a T-P Diagram

(Fig. 11-14)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 11-8
Alternative Process Path to Evaluate Entropy
Changes of Real Gases During Process 1-2

(Fig. 11-17)
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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 11-9

Chapter Summary

• Some thermodynamic properties can be measured

Çengel
Boles directly, but many others cannot. Therefore, it is
necessary to develop some relations between
Thermodynamics

these two groups so that the properties that

cannot be measured directly can be evaluated.
The derivations are based on the fact that
properties are point functions, and the state of a
simple, compressible system is completely
specified by any two independent, intensive
properties

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 11-10

Chapter Summary
• The equations that relate the partial derivatives of
properties P, v, T, and s of a simple compressible
substance to each other are called the Maxwell
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Boles
relations. They are obtained from the four Gibbs
equations, expressed as
Thermodynamics

Third Edition

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 11-11

Chapter Summary
• The Maxwell relations are

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Boles
Thermodynamics

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 11-12

Chapter Summary

Çengel
• The Clapeyron equation enables us to determine
Boles the enthalpy change associated with a phase
Thermodynamics

change from a knowledge of P, v, and T data

alone. It is expressed a

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 11-13

Chapter Summary

Çengel • For liquid-vapor and solid-vapor phase-change

Boles processes at low pressures, the Clapeyron
Thermodynamics

equation can be approximated as

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 11-14

Chapter Summary
• The changes in internal energy, enthalpy, and
entropy of a simple, compressible substance can
be expressed in terms of pressure, specific
Çengel volume, temperature, and specific heats alone as
Boles
Thermodynamics

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 11-15

Chapter Summary
• For specific heats, we have the following general
relations:

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Boles
Thermodynamics

where is the volume expansivity and is the

isothermal compressibility, defined as

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 11-16

Chapter Summary

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Boles
Thermodynamics

•The difference Cp - Cv is equal to R for ideal gases

and to zero for incompressible substances.

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 11-17

Chapter Summary
• The temperature behavior of a fluid during a
throttling (h = constant) process is described by
the Joule-Thomson coefficient, defined as
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Boles
Thermodynamics

The Joule-Thomson coefficient is a measure of the

change in temperature of a substance with
pressure during a constant-enthalpy process, and
it can also be expressed as

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 11-18

Chapter Summary
• The enthalpy, internal energy, and entropy
changes of real gases can be determined
accurately by utilizing generalized enthalpy or
Çengel
entropy departure charts to account for the
Boles deviation from the ideal-gas behavior by using the
following relations:
Thermodynamics

where the values of Zh and ZS are determined from

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the generalized charts.
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