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LCV = x
= HCV – latent heat of water
vapours formed
= HCV – 0.09 x H x 587 cal/g
(where, H = % of hydrogen in the fuel)
Differences between Gross and Net calorific
value
S.No. GCV NCV
1 The amount of heat The amount of heat
released when unit quantity released when unit quantity
of fuel is burnt completely of fuel is burnt completely
and the products of and the products of
combustion are allowed to combustion are allowed to
cool at room temperature. escape at room temp.
Corrections
(i)Fuse wire correction (CF) : should be subtracted.
(ii) Acid correction (CA) : should be subtracted.
(iii) Cooling correction (CC) : should be added.
• C : 80-87%
• H : 15%
• S,N,O : 1%
Composition of Crude Oil
CRUDE OIL
HYDROCARBONS NON-HYDROCARBONS
C1 - C60 (C6H5)n O
CYCLOALKANES
SH
N
H COOH
S
Fractional Distillation of Petroleum
1.Proximate analysis
2.Ultimate analysis
ANALYSIS OF COAL SAMPLE
Coal is a highly carbonaceous matter that has been
formed from fossilized remains of plants under
suitable conditions.
ANALYSIS- 2 types
1. PROXIMATE ANALYSIS - includes the
determination of moisture, volatile matter, ash and
fixed carbon
(i) Moisture: at 110oC for 1 hour
% of moisture = wt of moisture ( Loss in wt) x 100
wt of coal sample
(ii) Volatile matter : at 925 ± 25oC for 7 minutes
% of volatile matter = Loss of wt due to removal of
volatile matter x 100
wt of coal sample taken
(iii) Ash content: at 700-750oC for half an hour
% of ash = wt of ash x 100
wt of coal sample taken
(iv) Fixed carbon = 100- % of (moisture + ash +
volatile matter)
SIGNIFICANCE:
Higher % of fixed carbon Higher calorific
value better fuel
PROBLEM
A sample of coal was analysed as follows:
Exactly 2.5g was weighed in a silica crucible. After
heating for one hour at 110°C, the residue weighed
2.415g. The crucible next was covered with a vented lid
and strongly heated for exactly 7 minutes at 950±20°C.
The residue weighed 1.528g. The crucible was then
heated without cover, until a constant weight was
obtained. The last residue was found to weigh 0.245g.
Calculate the % results of the above analysis.
•ANSWER
Moisture = 3.4% Volatile matter= 35.48%
Ash = 9.8% Fixed Carbon = 51.32%
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF
COAL
Includes the estimation of % of elements in
the fuel
(i)Determination of C & H
C + O2 CO2
H2 + ½ O2 H2O
2KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O
CaCl2 + 7H2O CaCl2.7H2O
% of C =Increase in the wt of KOH tube x 12 x 100
Wt of coal sample taken x 44
% of N = 1.4 NV
W
PROBLEM
ANSWER
1.4%
Determination of S:
• m
HCl
• S+ O2 SO42- H2SO4
BaCl2
BaSO4
(z gm)
• S BaSO4
• 32 gm 233 gm
• % of S = Wt of BaSO4 ppt x 32 x 100
Wt of coal sample taken x 233
elements)
(V) DETERMINATION OF O:
% of O = 100 - % of (C + H + N + S + ash)
KNOCKING
• The metallic sound produced due to the irregular
burning of the fuel.
• Causes loss in power of engine.
• Reason: Mistimed ignition due to increase in
temperature of the cylinder resulting from the
heat of compression and due to generation of oxides or
peroxy radicals (NOx).
• Knocking α 1 α 1
Octane number Fuel efficiency
• Knocking among different categories of compounds:
Straight chain paraffins > branched chain paraffins >
olefins > naphthenes > aromatics.
OCTANE NUMBER
CH3 CH3
3H2
CH3
3H2
Isomerization of alkanes
CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 H3C CH CH2 CH3
Dehdrocyclization of alkanes
CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 4 H2
Hydrocracking of alkanes