SEMINARY I

EMA 891 – Internal Combustion Engines

Graduate Program In Mechanical Engineering
Energy And Sustainability

BSc. Rodrigo Junio Pereira de Barcelos

Prof. Dr. José Guilherme Coelho Baeta

Engines Electrification
Battery Electric Vehicles Context & Constraints

Belo Horizonte
15 Feb, 2022
 Overview
Introduction

Justificative & Objectives

Vehicle Electrification Technologies

Battery Electric Vehicle Working Principle

Context, Constraints & Implications of BEVs

Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles

Conclusion
Introduction
• COP 26 overview;
• Greenhouse gases emissions;
• Phasing-out fossil fuels
• Electrification raising up.
Justificative & Objectives
• Road transport currently accounts for about
10% of global GHG gas emissions;
• The need to hold the world average
temperature increasing by a maximum of
1,5°C in this century;
• Understood the advantages on Electrical
Vehicle usage over Internal Combustion
Engine Vehicles under the perspective of
sustainability,
• The pros and cons of this modification as
well as its side effects and availability.
• Provide a better comprehension of the
climate and sustainability needs
regarding the emissions of GHG as per
internal combustion engines usage;
• Evaluate the possibility of applying
improved technologies such as
electrification of vehicles to reduce the
GHG emissions;
• To understand the work principle and the
technological apparatus of EVs;
• To provide a better understand the side
effects on use EVs instead ICEVs.
Vehicle Electrification Tech

• HEVs;
• PHEVs;
• BEVs
• FCEVs
 Battery Electric Vehicle Working Principle

Como funciona um Veículo Automóvel Elétrico? Tesla Model S. https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=3SAxXUIre28&ab_channel=Lesics.
Battery Electric Vehicle Working Principle

• Components like the transmission, which varies the RPM whiling adjusting torque,
counterweight and flywheel, necessary to balance and reduce vibration, electric DC motor for
starting and alternator to charging battery power are not necessary anymore at EVs.
 Context, Constraints & Implications of BEVs
• Electric Vehicle Availability, Autonomy and Charging Stations
Although the car OEMs around the
world are being aligned with the
increasing demand for BEVs, also
planning to increase and reorganize
their production lines to be able to
supply the BEVs market, there is
huge gap between the amount of
BEVs required to reach the
environmental goals

80% of LDV CO2 → 66-80% of BEVs

Actual market share of BEVs 1,6%

A substantial reduction of CO2 emissions from the transportation sector, by an order of 80%-90% or greater, will require a
substantial fleet and electricity grid transition across all regions of US.
 BEV Autonomy & Charging Recharging Process

Autonomy for Passengers and Freight Vehicles

Battery longevity can be increased if it is less frequently

charged and at slower recharging rates. It is benefic to not
recharge them too close to the full load. These best
practices are connected to the excess of heat generated
during recharging.
Recharging Process
If the recharging occurs in the valley-period, the total demand is kept under the peak level.
However, if the BEVs are recharged during the peak-period, 350 new Megawatts are required,
representing 22% increasing on peak demand, which is unfeasible.
Availability of Materials
In short-term, the shortage on supply chain of materials applied on the batteries for EVs, as
graphite, lithium and cobalt, have already impacted and halted the production of several
manufactures as Audi, Land Rover and Mercedes, which means that maybe the world is not
completely prepared to handle such raisings in demand (over 63% year-to-year) and, indeed,
materials can also be a constraint to BEVs development.

▼ Ni
▼ Co
▼ Cu
Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles
At the end of the day, there will be an increasing on electrification, mainly on LDVs. However, it
will be mostly due to hybridization (HEV, PHVE) aiming to improve the efficiency and
performance of ICEVs.
Conclusions
• Increasing on environmental aspects concerns and COP26 targets;

• Phase-down related to the transport energy consumption and CO2 emissions;

• Vehicles electrification as an alternative to meet environmental goals;

• Depending on the segment, country and availability, BEVs can be understood as

an “in development” valuable alternative to reach both the mobility and
environmental goals;

• Many constraints have to be addressed and challenges must be overcome such

as the production capacity, autonomy, materials availability for battery
production, and so on.

• ICE are supposed to keep playing a very important role on vehicle market,
mainly in transport segment;

• Completely vanish of ICEs on behalf of BEVs seems to be unfeasible and

hybridization arises as a very reasonable alternative.
Do you have any questions?

14/19
 SEMINARY I
EMA 891 – Internal Combustion Engines
Graduate Program In Mechanical Engineering
Energy And Sustainability

Thank you for

Your Attention
BSc. Rodrigo Junio Pereira de Barcelos
Belo Horizonte
15 Feb, 2022