Directing

Lecture 1

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 What in this unit ?????

• Foundations of Individual and Group

Behaviour
• Motivation
• Motivation theories
• Motivational techniques
• Job Satisfaction
• Job Enrichment
• Leadership
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• Types of leadership
• Theories of Leadership
• Communication
• Process of communication
• Barriers in communication
• Effective communication
• Communication and IT

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 Introduction
• Management and Leadership are often
considered same
• Management involves several functions
• Leadership is one of the functions
• Leading – is the process of influencing
people so that they will contribute to
organization and group goals
• Human factor of what people are influences
managerial behavior
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 The Human Factors in Managing
• Multiplicity of Roles
– Workers, Consumers, Parents, Children, Believers, Members etc
– Social System
• Average Person
– Even though organizations develop an average person, it can
not be the same for all people since their needs, aspirations,
capabilities, attitudes, responsibility etc
– Managers should understand the complexity and individuality of
people
• Personal Dignity
– Never violate the dignity
• Whole Person
– Consider the whole person including knowledge, attitudes,
skills, personality and external factors

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 Behavioral Models
• Edgar H. Schein Model – Rational
Economic View to the Complex Person
– Rational Economic Assumption
• People are motivated by economic incentives –
Mc Gregor
– Social Assumption
• People are motivated by social needs – Elton Mayo
– Self Actualizing Assumption
• Motives fall into five classes of which self
actualization Is the highest - Maslow
– Complex Assumption
• People are complex variables – Schein’s

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 Lyman Porter Models - 6
• Rational
– People are systematic
• Emotional
– People are ruled by emotions
• Behavioristic
– Behavior is controlled by their environment
• Phenomenological
– Opposite if behavioristic which says people are
unpredictable
• Economic
– People are motivated by economic factors
• Self Actualizing
– People strive to use their potential

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Mc Gregor’s Theory X and Y
• Theory X Assumptions
– Average human beings have an inherent
aversion to work
– Because of dislike of work people must
be coerced, controlled, directed and
threatened
– Average humans prefer to be directed,
wish to avoid responsibility, have little
ambition and want security above all

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Mc Gregor’s Theory X and Y
• Theory Y Assumptions
– Expenditure of physical effort and mental effort is
natural as play or rest
– External control and threat are not the only means of
producing effort, people will exercise direction and
control in the service of objectives to which they are
committed
– Degree of commitment to objectives is proportional to
the rewards
– Average human beings learn under proper conditions
not only to accept responsibility but seek it
– Capacity to exercise a high degree of imagination,
ingenuity and creativity is widely distributed in the
organization
– In modern industrial life, intellectual potential of average
humans is partially utilized

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 Clarification of Theories
• Theory X and Y
– Are just assumptions and must be tested
against reality
– Do not mean hard and soft managers, but
effective management will be recognition of
dignity and capabilities
– Are not a matter of degree to be viewed as
opposite to each other but are views of people
– Are not for or against the use of authority but
one way of exercising authority for leadership
– Highlight that different approaches to
management at different situations

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 Dual Model Theory
• Raymond E. Miles
• Managerial task is to integrate –
organizational variables with human
variable
• Organizational variables – goals,
technology and structure
• Human variables – capabilities, attitudes,
values, needs and demographic
characteristics

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