Communication

System
Design
Table
of
Content
s
Introduction
Modern form of Communication
 Communication system
• The communication system is a system which
describes the information exchange between
two points. The process of transmission and
reception of information is called
communication.
 Types of Communication System
• Depending on Signal specification or technology,
the communication system is classified as
follows:
(1) Analog
(2) Digital
• Depending on the communication channel, the
communication system is categorized as follows:
1. Wired (Line communication)
2. Wireless (Space communication)
Examples of Communication System

Block Diagram of Communication Systems

Design
Parameters

Afroza Binte Islam

ID:BFH1817021F
• Communication systems are the networks that
connect one technology to another.
• These networks can be both analog and digital.
• Communication systems are connected
together through cables, antennas or
electromagnetic waves.
Communication System Design Parameter
There are some considerations which have to be taken
while designing the communication system. The system
has many parameters and factors which affect the
performance of communication system.

• Redundancy: The inclusion of extra error controlling bits

which are necessary to append with the message bits for
detection and correction the errors. These bits are
calculated by predefined mathematical rules known as
encoding process. More redundancy bits have more
error correction capabilities if an optimized encoding
algorithm is used.
• BER: In digital communication BER is defined as
the ratio of number of bit errors to the total
number of transferred bits during a studied time
interval. During the transmission, number of bits
in communication channel has been altered due
to noise, interference, distortion or bit
synchronization errors. While designing a
communication system or error control code it
was focused that BER must be minimized.
• Extensibility: The communication system or error
control code can be expanded, and improved
when required and error correction capabilities
could be increased.
• Modularity: The communication system consists of
individual blocks in its construction and every
module or entity treats the incoming bits or signals
from one module to the other as an output source.
• Usability: The error control code widely designed
for space and satellite communication but it can be
in mobile communication systems and in other
communication networks
 Hardware Parameters
This analysis is performed on hardware or
simulator. For hardware performance of the
code following parameters can be considered:
• Probability of Uncorrected Errors.
• Signal Power Consumption.
• Encoding/ Decoding Delay.
• Encoder/ Decoder Hardware Complexity .
• Number of Hardware Components.
 Software Parameters
When to design hardware encoder is very complex and
costly then software based encoding decoding is used.
This uses some encoding decoding algorithm and
calculates the parity bits (overhead). A good error
correction method has low overhead and better error
correction capabilities. The performance analysis of error
correcting codes can be performed on the basis of
software parameters. The analysis parameters are:-
• Overhead (Error Control Bits)
• Encoding/Decoding delay
• Bit Error Ratio (BER)
• Energy/bit(Eb) and EbN0
• AWGN Channel Parameters:
In practice, the digital signal is still transmitted by
analogue waveforms. Although the noise applied
to the transmission waveforms takes many
forms, they are all analogue in manner one way
or the other. Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN) channel model is a basic noise model
which is generally accepted model for
communication. It adds white noise with a
constant spectral density (expressed as watts per
hertz of bandwidth) and a Gaussian distribution
of amplitude in transmitted signals.
 Performance Analysis Factors
To evaluate the performance of error correcting
code, several performance measure metrics
such as error correction capability, encoding
decoding delay and error controlling bit
overhead are commonly used. The analysis of
error correcting codes can be done on the basis
of hardware and software performance of the
codes.
• Transmit Power and Error Control Coding :
Concept of transmit power is used with respect to
distance, less distance requires less transmit power
while large distance requires greater transmit power.
Similarly, Error Control Codes are used for efficient data
transmission, Block Codes or Convolutional Codes are
types of them.
• Signal Power Consumption Estimation:
While designing of most digital communications systems
one or more these factors are considered: bandwidth
efficient, power efficient, or cost efficient. Power
efficiency describes the ability of the system to reliably
send information at the lowest practical power level.
Channel
Selection
Criteria
Jannath Alam Suchi
ID:BKH1817012F
 What is Communication
channel???
A medium through
which a message is
transmitted to its
intended audience,
such as print media
or broadcast
(electronic) media.
 Wired Communication
• Wired communication refers to the transmission of
data over a wire-based communication technology.
 Wireless Communication
• Wireless Communication is a method of transmitting
information from one point to other, without using any
connection like wires, cables or any physical medium..
 1. Nature of Message
Factors need to consider
2. Cost for selecting channel
of Communication
3. Record System
4. Distance

5. Ease of installation

6. Supporting Technology

7.Simplicity

8. Maintenance

9. Safety
 Channel Selection Criteria of a
Communication System:
• Ease of installation of the communication channel is
relatively simple to define. Generally, all communication
channel require care when being installed. Cables (fiber
or copper) require a supporting infrastructure, as does
radio or infrared.

• Cables that contain combinations of different types of fiber strands

such as single mode and multimode fibers, or mixtures of copper
and fiber, or odd (different from standard put-ups) numbers of
fiber strands will require more time to produce and could add
several months to the delivery cycle.
Fiber, copper, radio, infrared all have different transmission
characteristics. Fiber is considered to have the best overall
characteristics for transmission efficiency. That is, the effective loss of
signal strength over distance. Cable is rated by the manufacturer for
signal loss. Signal loss factors are stated in terms of dB per 1000
meters. Typical single mode fiber may have a signal attenuation factor
of between 0.25 dB/km and 0.5 dB/km. The cable manufacturer will
provide a specification description for each product they offer.

Maintenance and operational costs are two other factors that should
be considered when comparing transmission media for any given
application. Fiber optic cable can be installed in conduit six feet below
grade, and never touched for decades. Maintenance of the fiber cable
is minimal. Microwave systems may be constructed in less time and at
a lower cost than fiber cable placed in conduit, but the tower sites
require significantly more maintenance, including re-painting the
tower, and annual inspections for rust.
• In summary most bandwidth, highest
transmission speed, easiest to install, or lowest
cost – all factors that may influence choice of
transmission media. Yet the best channel are the
ones that will support as many of the system
requirements as possible and help to assure
satisfaction with overall performance.
 Channel Affecting Factors:
• Attenuation: Attenuation is the heavily fading of signals. The
farther the signal goes away from the transmitter, the weaker
it gets.

• Noise: Noise is any unwanted energy. Noise can actually affect

the entire communication systems, but it is in the channel
where it can do the most damage since this is where the signal
is weakest.
Performance
Simulation
Jannatul Nayem Novera
ID:BKH1717043F
 What is
Performance
Simulation?
 Performance:
• The success of communication systems strongly
depends on their performance, typically reflected in
the perception of service quality. Performance in
digital communication system is a plot of the bit-error
probability PB versus E0/N0.

Simulation:
• Simulation of communication systems is concerned
with imitating some aspects of the behavior of
communication systems.
• So , Performance Simulation means evaluating the
complexity of communication system and the
associated signal processing structures and
algorithms through simulation on MATLAB.
Parameters to Measure the Performance
of a Communication System
There are judge the performance of a communication
system on the basis of which we say that the
performance of the communication system is good, better
or best. We analyze the performance of the
communication system on the basis of these parameters
and try to implement the best technique.
1. Bit error rate: BER is the average rate of occurrence
of bit error. We always try to minimize the BER to improve
the performance of communication system.
2. Signal-to-noise ratio: SNR is the ratio of signal power
to the noise power. We want SNR to be as high as possible.
 Technology used for Performance
Simulation
• In communication system to analyze the
performance of systems in terms of BER with respect
to SNR, we implement two technology in the
MATLAB simulated communication system:

 Multiple Input Multiple Output(MIMO)

 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)
• We do mathematical and simulation based analysis
of Bit Error Rate(BER) with respect to Signal to
Noise(SNR) of such systems and observed significant
improvement in the performance of the digital
communication systems.
MATLAB code for MIMO simulation
 MATLAB Simulation

• From the above simulation , it clearly shows that as the

number of antenna increases the BER performance
improves with respect to SNR. Thus MIMO technology has
improved the performance in terms of BER.
MATLAB code for OFDM simulation
Digital Communication System
design using MATLAB and
Simulink