Energy Resources

Chapter 6

1
What you will learn?
Where we use our energy?

What are the energy sources available?

What are the problems with different energy sources?

What are the solutions for energy crisis?

2
What is energy?

Power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources,

especially to provide light and heat or to work machines.

3
Where do you use energy?

600 M
50 - 60 M

No energy production is 100% efficient.

There are losses during its conversion.
4
Global energy consumption pattern

Sector % Country % % Energy

Population use
Industrial 28
US 4.6 17.8
Transport 28
China 20 22.4
Residential 34
and India 16 4.7
commercial

5
What is the primary source of energy?
99% of energy comes from sun

Without sun, the average temperature would be -240C

Solar energy is stored in plants as biomass by photosynthesis

6
What is the
share of
different
resources?

7
What is the share of different resources?
Energy source %

Oil 34.3

Coal 25.1

Natural Gas 20.9

Nuclear 6.5

Biomass 10.6

Solar, wind, hydro and geo 2.4

Total 100

8
What is primary energy?
Primary
Energy
Vs
Final
Energy
9
Is there an energy crisis?

15% of global population lacks access to electricity

35% people rely of wood, coal, charcoal for cooking and heating
In developed countries, the problem is wastage and pollution

In developing countries, there is shortage of energy

In US, a minor shortage of oil is considered as a crisis

10
What is the problem with studying energy?

Social

Environme
Economic
ntal

Political

11
How crude oil is converted to petrol?

12
What is special about the energy we
produce?
Net energy yield

13
What is a fossil fuel?

1859 - 1969: 227 B barrels

1 Barrel = 159 L
50% in 100 years and last
50% in 10 years
1000 years = 1 day

14
Types of oil

Conventional Unconventional

Crude oil and Natural gas Tar sands and Shale

liquids
Tar sands are found in
Easier to extract Canada and venezuela

Cheaper Environmentally destructive

and costlier
15
Fracking

16
Peak oil
Maximum annual production cannot exceed
10% of remaining reserves.

Peak oil does not mean running out oil. It is

difficult and expensive to get the remaining oil
out.

Hubert curve shows the peak oil.

Conventional oil in US peaked in 1970.

Did it Peak? 17
Environmental threats of oil

Air pollution

Damage to ecosystem

Oil spill damage to the ocean

18
19
How oil prices are determined? Petrol Price Calculation

Supply and demand

Oil reserves

Political conditions

Policies of Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

20
Coal
Coal will last for next 200 years

Mines are dangerous and causes lung disease

Coal is most harmful among fossil fuel

Coal causes 36% CO2 emissions in the world

It releases more radioactive materials than nuclear power plant

Air pollution kills 1000’s of people and causes respiratory issues

21
Natural Gas
Methane + Butane + Propane + Ethane

Found above oil reserves

Propane and Butane are liquified as LPG

40% NG is found in Russia and Kazakhstan

NG will last for 200 - 300 years

Low cost, and low pollution makes it ideal fuel

However, methane releases 20 times more emissions than CO2.

Also there is leakage issues in NG 22

Nuclear energy
Capital intensive, high maintenance

Technical problems

Waste should be stored safely for 100 - 500 years

High level - 240,000 years

Storing plutonium is a ?

Decommission costs > plant construction

Chernobyl and Fukushima

23
Current state of Nuke
438 Plants in operation by 2002

Now 388 plants are in operation in 31 countries - 333,000 MW

11% Global electricity

67 under construction

India has 22 Nuclear reactors with capacity of 6780 MW

Nukes may be best option to move away from fossil fuels

24
25
Solar energy
1 month of sun > energy stored in fossil we have

Efficiency

Storage

Cloud

26
Solar appliances
Solar water heater

Solar cooker

27
Wind energy
2014 - 370,000 MW

India - 22,500 MW (36,625 GW 2019)

Steady winds

Windless days

Land Use

Visual and noise pollution

Interference with birds

28
Not all place is suitable
Hydropower
20% globally

Dam cost

Already dammmmed
Displacement of local communities (Env. refugees)

Reduces silt movement in downstream

29
Hydrogen
Hydrogen + Oxygen -> Water Vapour

Hydrogen is locked out

Electrolysis

Storage issues

Fuel cells

Net Energy yield is low in Fuel Cells

30
Are we using energy efficiently?
IC Engine (20-30%)

40% energy is getting wasted

Transmission losses

31
What is the status of energy in India?
Source %

Coal 44

Oil 22

Biomass 22

NG 7

Hydro 3

Nuke 1

RENE 1

Total 100

32
Status of India
4th largest energy consumer / oil importer

However, per capita energy consumption is less

83% crude oil is imported

140 B$/a oil import cost

300 M lack access to electricity (old data)

40% energy could be saved (BEE)

33
Key concepts

Primary vs final energy

Global energy consumption
Fossil fuel
Types of oil
Peak oil
Environmental threats
Oil Pricing
Coal, NG, Nuke, Solar, Wind, Hydro, H2
Energy efficiency 34