Water Resources

Chapter 5; L9-10

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What you will learn?
How much water you need?

Why water is getting scarce?

Why there are many conflicts over water?

What is the status of water in India?

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 NEED Vs.
WANT
Resource is anything we take from the
environment to meet our needs. 3
When a resource becomes non-

renewable?

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Average annual rainfall
11.5 m/y
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6
95% 60%

Water is critical limiting factor in

many life aspects.
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 Use L/d/person
Drinking 3
Cooking 4
Bathing 20

How much water Toilet

Clothes
40
25

do you need? Utensils

Gardening
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Domestic use - 50 L/d/person (minimum) Total 135

Recommended - 1700 m3/a (agriculture, industry, energy)
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Do you consume water indirectly?
We use indirect water for our needs such as
energy, food, and industrial purposes.

This is called virtual water, which is

hidden from us.

Water footprint measures both direct and

indirect water usage.

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How to calculate water footprint of a country?
WFP =

domestic water consumption in the

country + virtual water imported - virtual

water exported

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How water is used in the world?

Humans use 54% of all freshwater supplies

By 2025, it will be 70%

Sector Global use % % Developed % Developing India %

countries

Agriculture 70 30 82 80

Industry 22 59 10 15

Domestic 8 11 8 5
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How much water is there?
1% = 14 Million Cu. km

390,000 cu. km

40,000 cu. km
5480 cu. m/p/ y
430,000 cu. km Vs. .

1700 cu. m/person/y

3X more water, yet water scarcity occurs 12

Measuring water scarcity
<1700 cu.m/y - Water stress

<1000 cu.m/y - Water scarcity

<500 cu.m/y - Absolute scarcity

2025, 1.8 B (absolute scarcity)

⅔ will face water stress

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 Why water is scarce?
Demand Exploitation Pollution

Demand for Ground water provides Eutrophication, algal

manufacturing sector is 50% drinking water blooms
predicted at 400%
20% of aquifers are over
Population, irrigation exploited
needs, urbanization,
industrialization Water tables are falling
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 Is that the only issue?
Distribution of rainfall
Flooding and droughts
Deforestation
Climate change
Allocation of water

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Types of water sharing?
Country - Country

State - State

Local communities

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Day 0
<13.5%

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Status in India

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Status in India
>60,000 villages without 1-source of water

1 million children die every year due to contaminated water

45 Million gets affected due to poor quality

Year Per capita availability (cu. m)

1951 5000

2001 1820

2011 1545

2030 1300 (estimate)

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Urban and industrial use
Chennai receives 1290 mm/a; 90% is lost in run-off

Industry consumes 40 - 70 B cu. M.

Thermal power plant uses 87% of total industrial consumption

Indian industries usage is below international standards

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Solutions to this hazzle
Educate people to use less water

Install water-saving devices

Decentralized ww recycling

Bio-toilets

Natural Farming

Check dams

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How much water can you save
from your home?

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Key Concepts

Domestic water
Virtual water
Water footprint
How we get fresh water?
Measuring water scarcity
Reasons for scarcity
Water situation in India
Solutions to water problems
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