Reservoir Planning

3.
RESERVOIR PLANNING
 Surveys for reservoir planning
 Control levels of reservoir
 Fixing control levels
 Sedimentation
 Reservoir operation schedule and importance

RESERVOIR PLANNING
Why surveys are necessary?
 Making a decision whether project can be taken up or not
 Study of alternative choices to fulfill the objectives.
 Selection and choice of components
 Design of entire system as a whole.

RESERVOIR PLANNING
SURVEYS FOR RESERVOIR PLANNING
 Topographic Survey (Engineering survey)
 Hydrologic Survey
 Geologic Survey
 Socio-economic and Legal investigation
 Environmental and ecology investigation

RESERVOIR PLANNING
Topographic Survey (Engineering survey)
 Catchment Area Survey.

 Tank Basin Survey
 Dam Line Survey
 Survey for Spillway, A and T Channel.

 Survey for approach Road
 Camp Site
 Main Canal Survey
 Command Area Survey

 Construction Material Survey
 Miscellaneous
RESERVOIR PLANNING

Catchment Area Survey
From catchment area Yield and MFD is work out
From Toposheet Area is marked and measured by planimeter or

other method
However for small project extent of C.A. by actual survey

Following information is to be carried out
 The size(Area in km2)
 The area under cultivation,jungle,habitation
 Type of soil
 Existing pond ,size and capacity, Irrigation tank and area of

irrigation
Following information is to be carried out
 Slope of Hills
 Rain gauge station/ River gauging site
 Flood marks on Bridge on the main stream
THE RESULT OF CATCHMENT AREA

 Catchment area plan
 Extent of intercepted and free catchment area
 Class of C.A.(i.e. Average, good ,bad etc.)
Tank Basin Survey
The object of Tank Basin Survey is to prepare a contour plan of
the tank basin or water spread area.
 The exact dam site is marked
 The reservoir capacity is worked out & capacity curve is

plotted
 Sites of waste weir and outlets are fixed
 Alignment of approach channel is finalised

Dam Line Survey
By a careful study of tank basin plan the exact dam line is fixed.
 Exact toe of the dam is marked
 Filter or seepage drain is aligned
 Earth quantity can be worked out.

HYDROLOGIC SURVEY
The primary objective of collecting Hydrologic Data are

estimation of
 Safe yield
 Maximum flood discharge
 Quantity of silt brought in during flood
 Evaporation, Evapotranspiration
 Gross irrigation requirement of crops

HYDROLOGIC SURVEY
Data collected in Hydrologic Survey
 C.A. with its hydrologic character, Extent (Size in Ha or

sq.km)
 Hydrometeorology data consist of PPT,intensity,Pav,etc.)

run off,hydrograph,infiltration
 Silt load measurement and estimation
 Streaming and gauging analysis
 Ground water occurrence, volume and quality

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Object of geological survey
 Suitability of foundation rock from bearing capacity point of
view
 Water tightness of foundation as wel as Tank basin
Data is useful for
 Depth of C.O.T and nature can be decided
 N,C & Φ values of soil for earth dam are obtained
 Depth of foundation and necessary treatment is planned
 Volumes of different soil computed

SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY
 In this investigation ,the present social standards, economic
standards of the people staying in the the command area are
ascertained
 Willingness of farmers to adopt to changes likely to occur on

provision of irrigation
 Social effect on villagers to be displaced from tank area are

studied
 All these details have economic impact on the planning of

project.
RESERVOIR PLANNING
CONTROL LEVELS OF RESERVOIR
 TOP BUND LEVEL
 HIGH FLOOD LEVEL
 FULL TANK LEVEL
 LOWEST WATER LEVEL
 LOWEST SILL LEVEL

RESERVOIR PLANNING
STORAGES IN RESERVOIR
 DEAD STORAGE
 LIVE STORAGE
 GROSS STORAGE
SOME RELATED TERMS IN RESERVOIR
 FLOOD LIFT
 FLOOD ABSORPTION CAPACITY
 FREE BOARD
RESERVOIR PLANNING
STORAGES OF RESERVOIR
DEAD STORAGE
The storage below LSL can not be used and hence it is known as
dead storage
 It is decided upon the rate of incoming silt,
 The life of the reservoir
 Catchment area
 Canal bed level and Full supply depth at head of main canal
 R.L.corresponding to 10% og gross storage or cWR

RESERVOIR PLANNING
STORAGES OF RESERVOIR
LIVE STORAGE
 It is storage between LWL and FTL
 It is the volume useful for irrigation and volume expected to lost

in tank losses(seepage , leakage and evaporation)
Live Storage = Net Storage=Irrigation requirement+Tank losses
GROSS STORAGE
It is the storage available at FTL
Gross Storage = Dead Storage + Live storage

RESERVOIR PLANNING
TOP BUND LEVEL(TBL)
 This is the R.L. of the top of the bund or dam.
 This depends upon the capacity storage ,flood lift and free
board
 The Ht. of the dam at any section is the difference between

the TBL and GL
 The structural design depends on height amongst other factors
 The length of the dam is measured at this level

RESERVOIR PLANNING
HIGH FLOOD LEVEL(HFL,MWL,SDFL,MWSE)
 This indicate Max. R.L. up to which water can rise in the

reservoir
 All the land with in the HFL contour is acquired and people
are not allowed to stay within it
 It is depend upon the Flood lift and FTL.

RESERVOIR PLANNING
FULL TANK LEVEL(FTL,FRL,HCWL)
 This indicates the R.L. where gross storage capacity available
 This is the level up to which water is stored in the reservoir
 The crest of spillway is kept at this level
 The water spread at this level is known as submergence
 If crest gates are provided then the R.L. of the top of gate is FTL
 FTL depends upon the gross storage
RESERVOIR PLANNING
LOWEST WATER LEVEL(LWL,LDDL)
 It is the lowest R.L. of water surface in the reservoir
 If water level goes below this level then the water can not be drawn out
of reservoir
 Hence it is called least draw down level
 The upstream sill of outlet is kept 50 – 100 cm below LWL
 This level is called LSL
 LSL is depend upon the estimated volume of silt and bed level of canal.
RESERVOIR PLANNING
FIXING CONTROL LEVELS
Fixing LWL
It is decided upon the expected quantity of incoming silt.
 The silt quantity depends upon the size of C.A, the slope, the
type of soil, vegetation and Rainfall.
 For planning purpose the rate of silting varies between 200 to
500 m3/km2 C.A/ year life of reservoir
 The life of reservoir is the no. of year required to fill up the
reservoir by silt upto LSL
 For design purpose 60 yrs. For small dams, 200 yrs.for large
reservoir and usually 100 yrs.
RESERVOIR PLANNING
Fixing LWL
The LSL is fixed as the highest of
Reduced level corresponding to silt storage capacity

Volume of silt = Rate of silting *C.A( km2) *Life of dam (Yrs)
 R.L.of sill of sluice at U/S calculated backward from tail end of

distributory system
= Canal bed level+ Full supply depth at head of main canal
 As an approx. R.L. corresponding to 10% of Gross storage or CWR

RESERVOIR PLANNING

Fixing FTL,HFL,TBL
FTL= R.L corresponding to gross storage
Gross storage= Live storage+Dead storage
Live Storage = Irrigation Requirement+Tank losses
HFL= FTL + Flood Lift
TBL= HFL + Free Board

RESERVOIR PLANNING
SEDIMENTATION
The deposition of silt in the reservoir is know as sedimentation.
Sedimentation in the reservoir reduces the reservoir water
storing capacity.
TRAP EFFICIENCY
Trap efficiency is the percentage of sediment deposited in the
reservoir even inspite of taking precautions and measures to
control its deposition.
Total sediment deposit in the reservoir
ɳ=
Total sediment flowing in the river
RESERVOIR PLANNING
SEDIMENTATION
CAPACITY INFLOW RATIO
Reservoir capacity
ɳ=f
Total Inflow
Trap efficiency ɳ has been found to be a function of capacity

inflow ratio.
RESERVOIR PLANNING
SEDIMENTATION
RESERVOIR PLANNING
SEDIMENTATION
FACTORS AFFECTING SEDIMENTATION

or
MEASURES TO CONTROL SEDIMENTATION
 PRE CONSTRUCTION MEASURES
 POST CONSTRUCTION MEASURES

PRE CONSTRUCTION MEASURES

These are the measures which are adopted before and during the
execution of project.
 SELECTION OF DAM SITE
 CONSTRUCTION OF DAM IN STAGES
 CONSTRUCTION OF CHECK DAMS
 VEGETATION SCREENS
 CONSTRUCTION OF UNDER SLUICES IN THE DAM

POST CONSTRUCTION MEASURES
These are the measures which are undertaken during the

operation of project
 REMOVAL OF POST FLOOD WATER
 MECHANICAL STIRRING OF THE SEDIMENT
 EROSION CONTROL AND SOIL CONSERVATION

DETERMINATION OF YIELD
 For major project:- yield irrigation
requirement tank losses are calculated every
month and working table is prepared.
 [Closing balance of the storage at the end of month ]
=[opening balance at the beginning of month] + [Inflow yield]-[Irrigation
Utilization] - [Tank losses].
i.e. opening balance of kharif and closing of hot season should be nearly
equal.(No need of considering losses and allowances for carry over or
overlap)
 Medium Project;- The demand of the crop is worked out for season while
yield is available in monsoon.
 Storage requirement= 50% kharif+100% rabi +100% hot weather+20%

kharif overlap+20% kharif carry over
 (Only if three season irrigation is proposed)
For small project the storage is worked out on the the basis of Tank duty or
Gross duty.
Only Evaporation losses can be experimentally determined and therefore
Tank losses which comprises of seepage,leakage,evaporation can therefore be
calculated as
Area @ FTL+Area@LSL
Tank losses= 1 to 2 m x -----------------------------------------
2
Area @ FTL+Area@LSL
Tank losses= 1 to 2 m x -----------------------------------------
2
The tank losses assumed equal to 10 to 15% of CWR
It is customary to keep the R.L. values of control levels as integers for Major
project and rounded off to 0.5 m .values for others
RESERVOIR OPERATION SCHEDULE(R.O.S)
 The flow of reservoir changes seasonally and from year to year due
to temporal and spatial variation in precipitation .
 Thus the water available abundantly during monsoon season
becomes scarce during non monsoon season, when it is most
needed. The method followed commonly for meeting the needs of
water during scarce period is constructing storage reservoir on the
river course.
 To meet the objectives set forth in planning the reservoir or a group
of reservoirs and to achieve max. benefits out of storage created .it
is imperative to evolve the guidelines for operation of reservoir.
 Without proper reservoir regulation schedules the reservoir may
not meet the full reservoir objectives for which it was planned and
may also pose the danger to the structure itself.
 Control of flood is better achieved if reservoir level is kept

low in early stage of monsoon season. However at a later
stage if the anticipated flows do not result the reservoir may
not get filled up to FRL in the early stage of monsoon season .
 To avoid the risk of reservoir remaining unfilled at later stage
 There may be a problem of accommodating high flood
occurring at later stage.
 In some cases while planning reservoir social and other
consideration do consider.
OPERATION OF SINGLE PURPOSE RESERVOIR

The common principles of single purpose reservoir operation is
given below.
Flood control
 Effective use of available flood control storage
 Control of reservoir design flood
 Combination of principle 1 and 2
 Flood control in emergency
Conservation
 No spilling of water over spillway will normally be permitted
until the FRL is reached.
OPERATION OF MULTI PURPOSE RESERVOIR

The common principles of multi purpose reservoir operation is
given below.
 Separate allocation of capacities
 Joint use of storage space
 In some cases parts of the conservational storage space is
utilised for flood moderation during the early stages of
monsoon.This space is filled up towards the end of monsoon
progressively,as it might not be possible to fill up this space
during the post monsoon period.
Sr.No. Date and Month Proposed Storage Water level

TMC Mtr.
1 30 June 18.06 445.000
2 31 July 20.20 445.90
3 31 August 34.66 450.35
4 30 September 40.68 451.75
5 31 October 41.75 452.00

Reservoir Planning

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Reservoir Planning

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3.

 Surveys for reservoir planning

 Control levels of reservoir

 Fixing control levels

 Reservoir operation schedule and importance

Why surveys are necessary?

 Making a decision whether project can be taken up or not

 Study of alternative choices to fulfill the objectives.

 Selection and choice of components

 Design of entire system as a whole.

SURVEYS FOR RESERVOIR PLANNING

 Topographic Survey (Engineering survey)

 Socio-economic and Legal investigation

 Environmental and ecology investigation

Topographic Survey (Engineering survey)

 Catchment Area Survey.

 Survey for Spillway, A and T Channel.

 Command Area Survey

Topographic Survey (Engineering survey)

From catchment area Yield and MFD is work out

From Toposheet Area is marked and measured by planimeter or

However for small project extent of C.A. by actual survey

Following information is to be carried out

 The size(Area in km2)

 The area under cultivation,jungle,habitation

 Existing pond ,size and capacity, Irrigation tank and area of

Following information is to be carried out

THE RESULT OF CATCHMENT AREA

 The reservoir capacity is worked out & capacity curve is

 Sites of waste weir and outlets are fixed

 Alignment of approach channel is finalised

 Exact toe of the dam is marked

 Filter or seepage drain is aligned

 Earth quantity can be worked out.

The primary objective of collecting Hydrologic Data are

 Maximum flood discharge

 Quantity of silt brought in during flood

 Gross irrigation requirement of crops

Data collected in Hydrologic Survey

 C.A. with its hydrologic character, Extent (Size in Ha or

 Hydrometeorology data consist of PPT,intensity,Pav,etc.)

 Silt load measurement and estimation

 Streaming and gauging analysis

 Ground water occurrence, volume and quality

 N,C & Φ values of soil for earth dam are obtained

 Depth of foundation and necessary treatment is planned

 Volumes of different soil computed

 Willingness of farmers to adopt to changes likely to occur on

 Social effect on villagers to be displaced from tank area are

 All these details have economic impact on the planning of

CONTROL LEVELS OF RESERVOIR

 TOP BUND LEVEL

 HIGH FLOOD LEVEL

 FULL TANK LEVEL

 LOWEST WATER LEVEL

 LOWEST SILL LEVEL

SOME RELATED TERMS IN RESERVOIR

 The life of the reservoir

 R.L.corresponding to 10% og gross storage or cWR

 It is the volume useful for irrigation and volume expected to lost

Live Storage = Net Storage=Irrigation requirement+Tank losses

Gross Storage = Dead Storage + Live storage