Topic 2:Cells

Traits Common to All Cells

Plasma
Membrane

CELL

DNA region
Cytoplasma
Introduction
• All cells have an outer membrane called plasma membrane.
• The plasma membrane encloses a cytoplasm & cells
genetic material.
• Plasma membrane regulates what enter & exit cells
• Cytoplasm: carry on chemical reaction
• Gene materials : provides the information needed for
reproductive & growth
 The Cellular Level of Organization

• The cell marks the boundary between the nonliving

and the living.
• It is the structural and functional unit of an
organism.
• It is the smallest structure capable of performing all
the functions necessary for life.
The Cellular Level of Organization (cont.)
3 fundamentally different cell types exist.

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-enclosed structures.

Eukaryotic cells possess membrane-enclosed
structures.
Archaean cells posses qualities of both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

• Microorganisms and all other living organisms are

classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
• Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are distinguished on the
basis of their cellular characteristics.
• Prokaryotic cells lack of nucleus and other membrane‐
bound structures known as organelles.
• Eukaryotic cells have both a nucleus and organelles.
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are similar in several
ways:
• both types of cells are enclosed by cell membranes
(plasma membranes)
• both use DNA for their genetic information
• Prokaryotes include several kinds of microorganisms,
such as bacteria and cyanobacteria (formerly known as
blue‐green algae)
• Eukaryotes include such microorganisms as fungi,
protozoa, and simple algae.
• Viruses are considered neither prokaryotes nor
eukaryotes
• Because they lack the characteristics of living things,
except the ability to replicate (which they accomplish
only in living cells).
Prokaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell
• Prokaryotic cells are simpler and much smaller in size
(than eukaryotic cells).
• ranging in size from 0.15 μm (mycoplasmas) to 2.0
μm (many of the bacteria).
• Prokaryotic cells were among the first organisms on
the earth.
• Prokaryotic cells live in a wide variety of
environments and can be found in water, soil, and the
air.
Prokaryotic cell
• Lack a membrane-bounded nucleus
• Comprise Domains Bacteria and Archaea
• Generally exist as unicellular organisms.
• Bacteria may be single cells, or simple strings and clusters
• occur in spherical forms called cocci (singular, coccus) or in rodlike
forms called bacilli (singular, bacillus).
• Some bacteria have a comma shape ( vibrio), or a flexible, wavy shape
( spirochete), or a corkscrew/spiral shape ( spirillum).
• Not all bacteria cause disease
•Some are beneficial and are essential for other living organisms’ survival
Shapes of Bacterial Cells
Prokaryotic cell
• When certain prokaryotes (such as bacteria) divide, they
cling to each other in a distinct arrangement.
• diplococcus, for example, consists of a pair of cocci
• streptococcus consists of a chain of cocci.
• tetracoccus consists of four cocci arranged in a cube.
• A grapelike cluster of cocci is called a staphylococcus.
• Bacilli sometimes form long chains called streptobacilli.
Prokaryotic cell
• surrounded by a plasma membrane.
• Plasma membrane forms a boundary that separates
the contents of the cell from the surrounding
environment.
• Plasma membrane regulates the entrance and exit of
molecules into and out of the cytoplasm.
• The semifluid medium inside of a cell is the cytoplasm.
• It is composed of water, salts, and dissolved organic
molecules
 protein
molecules

phospholipid
bilayer
Bacterial structure
• Bacterial cytoplasm is surrounded by a cell membrane, a cell
wall, and a capsule.
• The cell membrane is similar to that of eukaryotic cells.
• The cell wall maintains the shape of the cell.
• The capsule is a protective layer of polysaccharides
around the cell wall.
• The DNA of a bacterium is a single coiled chromosome that
resides in the nucleoid.
• The cytoplasm of a bacterium
has thousands of tiny particles
called ribosomes that synthesize
all the proteins needed by the cell.
Bacterial structure
• Bacteria can have appendages with specific functions.
– Flagella can be used to help bacteria move in water.
– Fimbriae are small bristlelike fibers that allow
bacteria to attach themselves to surfaces.
– Sex pili are used to transfer DNA from one bacteria
to another.
Prokaryotic cell (a bacterium)
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ribosome:
site of protein synthesis

Nucleoid:
location of the bacterial
chromosome

Plasma membrane:
sheath around cytoplasm
Fimbriae:
that regulates entrance
hairlike bristles that
and exit of molecules
allow adhesion to
surfaces
Cell wall:
covering that supports ,
shapes, and protects cell

Capsule:
gel-like coating outside
Flagellum:
cell wall
rotating filament present
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward

© Ralph A. Slepecky/Visuals Unlimited

Gram positive vs gram negative bacteria
• Method to differentiate two types of bacteria based on the structural
differences in their cell walls. In his test, bacteria that retain the
crystal violet dye do so because of a thick layer of peptidoglycan and
are called Gram-positive bacteria. In contrast, Gram-negative
bacteria do not retain the violet dye and are colored red or pink.
Compared with Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria are
more resistant against antibodies because of their impenetrable cell
wall. These bacteria have a wide variety of applications ranging from
medical treatment to industrial use and Swiss cheese production.
Prokaryotic cell
• Archaeans
• Live in extreme habitats
• can be found in extreme environments such as hot-
spring water and deep seawater vent
• may be the oldest life forms on earth.
• How are archaeans similar to bacteria?
• No nucleus (No membrane bound nucleus) - Similar in
anatomy- simple
• How are they different from bacteria?
• Shares genes with eukarya; have gene unique to
archea
 Virus
• Viruses are non-cellular entities whose properties have
been identified through technological advances in
microscopy
• Viruses are infectious particles that invade every known
type of cell.
• They are not alive, yet they are able to redirect the
metabolism of living cells to reproduce virus particles.
Note: capsid of any virus is constructed from a number of identical
protein subunits called capsomers.
Compare and contrast
Group discussion

• Bacteria vs archea
• Coccus vs basillus
• Prokaryote vs virus
• Gram +ve vs gram –ve
• Flagella, frimbiae & pilli
Eukaryotic cell
 Eukaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic cells:
• are structurally complex;
• have a nucleus;
• possess membrane-bound organelles;
• make up animals, plants, fungi and protists.
Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Walls
• Some eukaryotic cells have cell walls.
• Plant cells may have a primary and secondary cell wall.
• Lignin is found in secondary cell walls.
• Fungi and algae (protist) cell walls
• Some cellulose
• Some chitin (also found in insect exoskeletons)
Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
• The term organelle originally referred to only
membranous structures.
• It now refers to any well-defined cell structure that
performs a particular function(s).
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nucleus:
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Cytoskeleton:
Microtubules
Actin filaments Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Rough ER
Intermediate filaments
Smooth ER
Lysosome

Centrioles* Ribosomes
Centrosome

Cytoplasm Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
Vesicle

Golgi apparatus
Polyribosome

*not in plant cells

 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nucleus: Central vacuole*

Nuclear envelope
Cell wall of adjacent cell
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear pore

Ribosomes
Centrosome
Endoplasmic Chloroplast*
Reticulum:
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Golgi apparatus
Microtubules
Cytoplasm

Actin filaments
Plasma membrane

Granum*

Cell wall*

*not in animal cells

Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
The organelles can be divided into 4 categories.
1) The nucleus and ribosomes.
2) Organelles of the endomembrane system.
3) The energy-related organelles.
4) The cytoskeleton.
(Microtubules and microfilaments occur as structural supports of the
cytoskeleton of all plant, animal, fungal, and protozoan cells. The third
structural element, the intermediate filament, is more abundant in
animal cells than in plant cells. )
Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
1. The nucleus communicates with the ribosomes to
control protein synthesis.
2. Each organelle of the endomembrane system has its
own enzymes and produces specific products.
• The products of the endomembrane system are shuttled in
the cells as transport vesicles.
3. The two types of energy-related organelles have their
own genetic material and ribosomes.
– Mitochondria are found in all eukaryotic cells.
– Chloroplasts are found in the cells of photosynthetic
eukaryotes.
4. The cytoskeleton is a protein lattice that maintains cell
shape and assists in the movement of organelles.
Components of Eukaryotic Cells
Fig. 4.3c, p. 52
Plant cell
Fig. 4.3b, p. 52
 Structures found only in plant cells

Cell wall
• very strong
• made of cellulose
• protects cell from
rupturing
• glued to other cells
next door
Vacuole
• huge water-
filled sac
• keeps cell
pressurized
• stores starch
Chloroplasts:
• filled with
chlorophyll
• turn solar
energy into
food energy
Animal vs. Plant Cell:
List the similarities and differences between these two cells.
 Structure Animal cells Plant cells
cell membrane Present Present
nucleus Present Present
nucleolus Present Present
ribosomes Present Present
ER Present Present
Golgi Present Present
cell wall Absent Present
mitochondria Present Present
chloroplasts Absent Present
vacuole Absent Present
cytoskeleton Present Present
Traits common to all cells

• Cells differ in size, shape, and function.

• Although cells differ in size, shape and function, each starts

out with a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and a region of
DNA (in eukaryotic cells, a nucleus)
 Cell structure and microscopy
SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURE EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES
ANIMAL CELLS PLANT CELLS
Cell wall - + +
Plasma membrane + + +
Nucleus & nucleoli + + -
Chromosomes + + Circular loop of DNA
Centrioles + - -
Mitochondria + + -
Plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts etc.) - + -
Sap vacuole - + -
Food vacuoles Some + -
Contractile vacuoles Some + -
Pseudopods Some + -
Cilia Some + -
Flagellae Some Some Rotating
Microtubules + + -
Lysosomes + + -
Golgi apparatus + + -
Microvilli Some + -
 Cell structure and microscopy

SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURE EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES

ANIMAL CELLS PLANT CELLS

Endoplasmic reticulum + + -
Nuclear envelope & pores + + -
Vesicles + + -
Ribosomes +(bigger) +(bigger) +(smaller)
Mesosome (structure in surface of plasma - - +
membrane)
Organelle membranes + + -
Macromolecular structures + + +
Plant, Animal and Bacteria Cell Models

http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9o6huiw7u5o