QUIZ

https://forms.gle/UErkBUYPp58E49tX8
FLUID
MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluid behavior (liquids,
gases, blood, and plasmas) at rest and in motion.
Professor Majid Ghassemi, Dr.Azadeh Shahidian (2017)
HYDRAULICS
Branch of science concerned with the
practical applications of fluids, primarily
liquids, in motion.
A. FLUID STATICS
A fluid at rest has no shear stress.
Consequently, any force developed is
only due to normal stresses

Hydrostatic pressure
A. FLUID STATICS
A fluid at rest has no shear stress.
Consequently, any force developed is
only due to normal stresses

Absolute pressure
A. FLUID STATICS
A fluid at rest has no shear stress.
Consequently, any force developed is
only due to normal stresses

Communicating Vessels
A. FLUID STATICS
A fluid at rest has no shear stress.
Consequently, any force developed is
only due to normal stresses

Pascal Law
A. FLUID STATICS
A fluid at rest has no shear stress.
Consequently, any force developed is
only due to normal stresses

Archimedes’ Principle
A. FLUID STATICS
A fluid at rest has no shear stress.
Consequently, any force developed is
only due to normal stresses

Surface Tension
A. FLUID STATICS
A fluid at rest has no shear stress.
Consequently, any force developed is
only due to normal stresses

Capillary Tube
B. FLUID
DYNAMICS
Fluid dynamics is the study of the
movement of fluids, including their
interactions as two fluids come into
contact with each other.
FLOW
 6 FLOW TYPES
One dimensional
Steady Uniform
Two dimensional
Unsteady Non-Uniform
Three dimensional

Rotational Laminar Compressible

Irrotational Turbulent Incompressible

CLOSE CHANNEL
VS
OPEN CHANNEL
FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
Flow characteristics on closed conduit can be devided into 3 states,
namely laminar flow, transitional flow, and turbulent flow.
OSBORNE REYNOLDS
(born Aug. 23, 1842, Belfast, Ire.—died Feb. 21, 1912, Watchet, Somerset, Eng.), British
engineer, physicist, and educator best known for his work in hydraulics and hydrodynamics.

Reynolds was born into a family of Anglican clerics. He gained early workshop experience by
apprenticing with a mechanical engineer, and he graduated at Queens’ College, Cambridge, in
mathematics in 1867. In 1868 he became the first professor of engineering at Owens College,
Manchester, a position he held until his retirement in 1905. He became a fellow of the Royal
Society in 1877 and received a Royal Medal in 1888.

Though his earliest professional research dealt with such properties as magnetism, electricity,
and heavenly bodies, Reynolds soon began to concentrate on fluid mechanics. In this area he
made a number of significant contributions. His studies of condensation and heat transfer
between solids and fluids brought radical revision in boiler and condenser design, while his
work on turbine pumps permitted their rapid development. He formulated the theory of
lubrication (1886) and in 1889 developed the standard mathematical framework used in
turbulence work. He also studied wave engineering and tidal motions in rivers and made
pioneering contributions to the concept of group velocity. Among his other contributions were
the explanation of the radiometer and an early absolute determination of the mechanical
equivalent of heat. His paper on the law of resistance in parallel channels (1883) is a classic.
The “Reynolds stress” in fluids with turbulent motion and the “Reynolds number” used for
modeling in fluid flow experiments are named for him.
OSBORNE
REYNOLDS
APPARATUS
 Dye Reservoir

Head Tank
Projection Needle
Water Supply tube
Marble glass

Drain tube

Test tube OSBORNE

Overflow tube
REYNOLDS
APPARATUS
 REYNOLDS NUMBER
The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number used to categorize
the fluids systems in which the effect of viscosity is important in
controlling the velocities or the flow pattern of a fluid.

DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER
- Laminar flow: type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid
travels smoothly or in regular paths

- Turbulent flow: in turbulent flow vortices, eddies and wakes make

the flow unpredictable. Turbulent flow happens in general at high flow
rates and with larger pipes

- Transitional flow: Transitional flow is a mixture of laminar and

turbulent flow, with turbulence in the center of the pipe, and laminar
flow near the edges
FLOW ILLUSTRATIONS
Q
Discharge (also called flow rate)
The amount of fluid passing a section of a
stream in unit time is called the discharge.
If v is the mean velocity and A is the cross
sectional area, the discharge Q is defined
by Q = Av which is known as volume flow
rate. Discharge is also expressed as mass
flow rate and weight flow rate.
μ Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its
resistance to deformation at a given rate.
For liquids, it corresponds to the informal
concept of "thickness": for example, syrup
has a higher viscosity than water.
i
Inertia
Inertia is the resistance of any physical
object to a change in its velocity. This
includes changes to the object's speed, or
direction of motion.
REYNOLDS NUMBER
d
The flow is:
• Laminar when Re < 2300
• Transition when 2300 < Re < 4000
• Turbulent when Re > 4000
THANK YOU