MATERIAL SCIENCES AND

ENGINEERING FOR M.E. LABORATORY

Module 2:
A. Compressive Strength Determination
(Buckling)
B. Hardness Test Determination
The Lasallian Prayer

“Let us remember
that we are in the holy presence of
God.”

2
Ang Panalanging Lasalyano

“Ating alalahanin
na ang Diyos ay ating kapiling.”

3
 Table of Content
Module 2A: Compressive Strength
Determination (Buckling)
Gospel Reading
Course Learning Outcomes Objectives
Safety Measures Equipment / Materials
Procedure Theory
Benefits of Compressive Testing
Materials under Compression Compressive Strength
Test Standards
Compressive Stress
Apparatus
Questions
• John 16:33 (06/16/20) : “In this world you will have
trouble. But take heart! But take heart! I have
overcome the world.”
• St. John the Baptist De La Salle..Pray for
us..Live Jesus in our hearts..Forever.

5
Learning Outcomes
• Course Learning Outcomes
• At the end of the term, students can:
 Understand how to have skills and competency in
determining the mechanical and physical
properties of sample specimen by requiring
students to perform the actual test which are
significantly related to the required skills in the
industry.
 Familiarize in the gathering of laboratory test data
in the performance of the specified laboratory
experiments.
 Evaluate the laboratory test data gathered and
provide detailed explanation or interpretations to
justify the veracity of the test results.
6
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength (Buckling)

OBJECTIVES:
1. To be able to acquire basic knowledge and skills in
determining the tensile strength of steel round bar by
requiring students to perform the actual test which are
significantly related to the required skills in industry.
SAFETY MEASURES:
1. The instructor must orient the students in proper
handling of tools prior to actual processing to avoid
accidents.
2. Do’s and don’ts must be fully emphasized.

December 3, 2023 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 7

 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength
(Buckling)

BASIC CONCEPTS:
DEFINITION OF TERMS
EQUIPMENT:
Universal Testing Machine
MATERIAL:
Round steel bar with standard dimension
based on internationally established size.

8
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength(Buckling)
PROCEDURE:
1. Provide cubic concrete specimens using metal
cylindrical container.
2. Carefully center the cube on the lower platen and
ensure that the load will be applied to two opposite cast
faces of the cube.
3. Input the specimen diameter of the test piece into
the UTM machine computer.
4. Switch the hydraulic power on and push the button to
move the clamp downward.
5. Without shock, apply and increase the load
continuously at a nominal rate within the range of (0.2
N/mm2 to 0.4N/mm2) until no greater laod can be
sustained.
9
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength (Buckling)

PROCEDURE: (Cont’n)
7. Compute the compressive strength by dividing the
maximum load attained during the test by the cross
sectional area of the specimen. formula : stress =
force/area Where area = (3.1416x d2) / 4
Force = actual force recorded in the computer when the
cubic concrete breaks.
SAFETY PRECAUTION:
1. Always follow the lab technician instruction in operating
the UTM.
2. Move away and keep safe distance from the machine
while the tensile test is ongoing.
3. Never touch any part of the machine or the test piece
during testing operation. 10
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength (Buckling)
THEORY
When a material is subjected to compressive loading, the
relationship between stress and strain is similar to that
obtained for a tensile loading. Up to a certain value of stress,
the material behaves elastically, i.e. stress is in proportion to
strain. Beyond this value, plastic flow starts, i.e. more strain
starts than happening in elastic limit for any increment value
of loading. It is seen that a compression test is more difficult to
be conducted than standard tensile test due to (a) specimen
must have larger cross-sectional area to resist any buckling
due to bending, (b) the specimen undergoing strain hardening
as deformation proceeds, and (c) cross-section of the
specimen increases with deformation, thereby requiring
substantial increase in the required load.

11
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength (Buckling)
THEORY
The lateral instability due to
buckling action can be avoided by
keeping the ratio of height (h) to
diameter (d) of the specimen less
than 2. The compressive strength
essentially depends open ‘h’ to ‘d’
ratio. Hence, higher is ‘h’ to ‘d’
ratio, lower is the compressive
strength.
Compression tests are performed on brittle materials as these
materials fail in shear. It is seen that the shear develops along a
diagonal plane which is maximum on a plane inclined at 45° from
the direction of compression load.

12
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength (Buckling)
THEORY
In compression loading, the fracture of the specimen takes
place due to bulging action. The property of a material to
bulge under compressive loading is called malleability. It is the
ductility that is associated with tensile loading while it is
malleability that is associated with compressive loading. The
modulus of elasticity in tensile loading and compressive
loading should be equal except for bi-modulus materials such
as wood.

Ultimate load
Ultimate compressive strength = ----------------------------

Cross-sectional area

13
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength (Buckling)

What are the Benefits of Compression Testing?

Compression testing provides data on the integrity and
safety of materials, components and products, helping
manufacturers ensure that their finished products are fit-
for-purpose and manufactured to the highest quality.
The data produced in a compression test can be used in
many ways including:
• To determine batch quality
• To determine consistency in manufacture
• To aid in the design process
• To reduce material costs and achieve lean
manufacturing goals
• To ensure compliance with international and industry
standards
14
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength (Buckling)

Materials Under Compression

Certain materials subjected to a compressive force show
initially a linear relationship between stress and strain. This is
the physical manifestation of Hooke's Law, which states:
E = Stress (s) / Strain (e)
where E is known as Young's Modulus for compression. This
value represents how much the material will deform under
applied compressive loading before plastic deformation
occurs. A material's ability to return to its original shape after
deformation has occurred is referred to as its elasticity.
Vulcanized rubber, for instance, is said to be very elastic, as it
will revert back to its original shape after considerable
compressive force has been applied.

15
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength (Buckling)

Materials Under Compression

Once a certain force or stress threshold has been
achieved, permanent or plastic deformation will occur and
is shown on graphs as the point where linear behavior
stops. This threshold is known as the proportional limit and
the force at which the material begins exhibiting this
behavior is called the yield point or yield strength. A
specimen will then exhibit one of two types of behavior; it
will either continue to deform until it eventually breaks, or it
will distort until flat. In either case a maximum stress or
force will be evident, providing its ultimate compressive
strength value.

16
 Experiment No.3
Determination of Compressive Strength (Buckling)

17
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength

18
 Experiment No.3
Determination of Compressive Strength (Buckling)
Test Standards
ASTM D575 Compression Test of Rubber
ASTM D6641 Compression Testing for Polymer Matrix Composite
Laminates
ASTM D695 Compression Testing for Rigid Plastics
ASTM D7137 Compressive Residual Strength Test Equipment for
Damaged Polymer Matrix Composite Plates
ASTM D905 Wood Adhesive Bonds in Shear by Compression
Loading
ASTM E9 Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room
Temperature
ISO 14126 Compression Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composites Test
Machine
ISO 1856 Flexible Cellular Polymeric Materials Compression EN
ISO 604 Compressive Plastics Testing Equipment
ISO 844 Compressive Strength of Rigid Cellular Plastics
19
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength

COMPRESSIVE STRESS

Figure 1 and 2 – Compression Test Apparatus and Cube Concrete

buckled
20
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength

Figure 3 –
Compression
Apparatus

21
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength (Buckling)

22
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength (Buckling)

QUESTIONS:
a) What considerations beside strength affect the
selection of a W/C ratio?
b) What is the effect of age of the concrete upon the
W/C ratio - strength curve?
c) What relative compressive strengths would you have
obtained in your tests if 150 x 300 mm cylinders had
been used in place of 75 x 150 mm cylinders?
d) What relative compressive strengths would you have
obtained in your test if 150 mm cubes had been used
in place of 100 mm cubes?

23
 Experiment No. 3
Determination of Compressive Strength (Buckling)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=eseHUi4dxZY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=WFOf4WwBH60

24
MATERIAL SCIENCES AND
ENGINEERING FOR M.E.
LABORATORY
Module 2B: Hardness Test
Determination
 Table of Content
Module 2B: Hardness Test Determination

Gospel Reading
Course Learning Outcomes Rockwell Hardness Scale
Objectives Equipment / Materials
Safety Measures Rockwell Hardness Scales
Basic Concepts / Equipment
Procedure
Hardness Measurement
Vickers Hardness Test
Knoop Hardness Test
Brinell Harness Scale
• John 16:33 (06/16/20) : “In this world you will have
trouble. But take heart! But take heart! I have
overcome the world.”
• St. John the Baptist De La Salle..Pray for
us..Live Jesus in our hearts..Forever.

27
Learning Outcomes
Course Learning Outcomes
At the end of the term, students can:
 Calculate the problem as specified in the
laboratory manual and provide detailed
computations.
 Evaluate the laboratory test data gathered and
provide detailed explanation or interpretations.
 Ability to perform laboratory experimental research
related to the actual experiment as specified in the
laboratory manuals.
 Develop the standard laboratory reports based on
the test data gathered, computations, research
information gathered, results and interpretations of
the experiment performed.

28
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination

OBJECTIVES:
To be able to acquire basic knowledge and skills in
determining the hardness of steel flat bar by requiring
students to perform the actual test which is significantly
related to the required skills in industry.
SAFETY MEASURES:
1. Always follow the lab technician instruction in
operating the Rockwell hardness tester.
2. Move away and keep safe distance from the
machine while the test is ongoing.
3. Never touch any part of the machine or the test
piece during testing operation

December 3, 2023 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 29

 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination
BASIC CONCEPTS:
DEFINITION OF TERMS
EQUIPMENT:

30
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination
PROCEDURE: (Step by Step Procedures in Hardness
testing Operations)
1. Place the test piece on the anvil part of the Rockwell
tester.
2. Rotate the base lever to allow the test piece touch the
diamond penetrator.
3. Continue rotating the lower lever until the dial reached
zero reading.
4. Continue rotating the lower lever and let the dial rotate
for three revolutions and stop when the dial reached
the zero reading on the 3rd revolution.
5. Pull the release knob and wait until the dial stop
moving.

31
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination
PROCEDURE: (Step by Step Procedures in Hardness
testing Operations)
6. Read and record the hardness reading on the dial
indicator.
7. Repeat Step 1 (Note: Point the Diamond indentor or
penetrator in other area of the test piece)to Step
DATA:
Reading
1st Trial ………………….. _______
2nd Trial………………….._______
3rd Trial………………….. ________

32
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination

33
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination

34
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination
Vickers hardness test
Vickers Hardness is an alternative to the Brinell method
to measure the hardness of materials.
The Vickers test is often easier to use than other
hardness tests since the required calculations are
independent of the size of the indenter, and the indenter
can be used for all materials irrespective of hardness.

35
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination
Knoop hardness test

The Knoop hardness test is a micro hardness test - a test

for mechanical hardness used particularly for very brittle
materials or thin sheets, where only a small indentation may
be made for testing purposes.
A Diamond indenter point is pressed into the polished
surface of the test material with a known force

A scleroscope is a device used

to measure rebound hardness .
It consists of a diamond-tipped
hammer dropped from a fixed
height
36
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination

37
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination

38
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination
The Rockwell scale is a hardness scale based on the
indentation hardness of a material.
There are different scales, denoted by a single letter, that
use different loads or indenters.

39
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination

40
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination

HR = E - e
F0 = preliminary minor load in kgf
F1 = additional major load in kgf
F = total load in kgf
e = permanent increase in depth of penetration due to major load F1 measured in
units of 0.002 mm
E = a constant depending on form of indenter: 100 units for diamond indenter, 130
units for steel ball indenter
HR = Rockwell hardness number
D = diameter of steel ball 41
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination

42
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination

43
 Experiment No. 4
Hardness Test Determination

44
End of Presentation
 END OF PRESENTATION

ONE HEART.
ONE COMMITMENT.
ONE LIFE.
1719 – 2019
#300LaSalle

December 3, 2023 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 46

The Lasallian Prayer

“I will continue, O my God,

to do all my actions for the love of
Thee.”

Saint John Baptist de La Salle, pray for us.

Live Jesus in our hearts, forever.

December 3, 2023 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 47

Ang Panalanging Lasalyano

“Ipagpapatuloy ko, O Diyos,

ang lahat ng aking gawain
upang Ikaw ay lalong pakaibigin.”

San Juan Bautista de La Salle, ipanalangin mo kami.

Hesus, manahan ka sa aming puso, magpakailanman.

December 3, 2023 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 48