UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

___________________________________________________________________________

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : Professor Madya Ahmad Kamil Bin Husain
Group : EMD4M1C (Group 3)
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MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : TENSILE TEST

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1.
MOHD SYAZWAN BIN SARUDIN 2021836538

2. MOHD IRSYAD HAKIM BIN MOHD

2021823788
ZAHAIR
3. MOHAMMAD ARIF BIN MOHAMMED 2021868524
4. MOHD AMER FARHAN BIN MOHD
2021620178
AZIZI

1
 5. MUHAMMAD ADIB BIN MASHUDI 2021620282

LABORATORY SESSION :

(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 9/6/2022

(DATE)

*By signing above, you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic misconduct
and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

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ABSTRACT

This experiment was carried out to study and determine the mechanical properties of the given
material. The basics of the operation of the tensile test machine were also learned during this
experiment. The tensile test machine can be used to evaluate the tensile strength of many
engineering materials. The design of many engineering structures is based on the tensile properties
of the material used. The stress and strain relationship of various metals can be used to predict the
characteristics of materials when subjected to different types of loadings.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 THEORY 2-4

3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 5-7

4.0 RESULTS 8 - 12

5.0 DISCUSSION 13

6.0 CONCLUSION 14

7.0. REFERENCES 15

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Tensile Testing is a form of tension testing and is a destructive engineering and materials
science test whereby controlled tension is applied to a sample until it fully fails. This is one
of the most common mechanical testing techniques. It is used to find out how strong a
material is and how much it can be stretched before it breaks. This test method is used to
determine yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, ductility, strain hardening
characteristics, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio. But for this experiment, there is only
3 things that need to be decided that’s yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and Modulus
of Elasticity or Young’s modulus. For the first properties, the yield strength is the point at
which plastic deformation occurs under stress. This is determined during testing over a
measured gauge. For the second properties, The Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) is the
maximum stress that a specimen is exposed to during testing. This may differ from the
specimen's strength when breaking depending on if it is brittle, ductile or has properties of
both. These material properties can change depending on environment, for example in
extreme hot or cold conditions. And the last properties, the modulus of elasticity also
known as Young's modulus measures the stiffness of a specimen whereby the material will
return to its original condition once the load has been removed. Once the material has been
stretched to the point where it no longer returns to its original length and permanent
deformation is shown, Hooke's Law no longer applies. The purpose of this experiment is
to decide the types of material that been used, whether it’s a brittle or ductile materials
based on the 3 properties that have been calculated.

1
 2.0 THEORY

The Tensile test is a method of determining a material’s strength by applying a static load to the
specimen in one direction.

Figure 1: Tensile test machine

The specimen being tested is subjected to force in two directions, one of which is uniaxial. The
specimen would be stretched and lengthened until it fractured or broke.

Figure 2: Typical stress-strain of a material

1. Yield point
Yield point is a point on the stress-strain curve, after which there is a significant increase
in strain with little or no increase in stress. The corresponding stress is called the Yield
strength/stress of the material. For materials that do not possess well-defined yield point,
“offset method” is used to determine it.

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2. Ultimate tensile stress, UTS
Ultimate tensile stress is the highest value of apparent stress on the stress-strain curve. It
also known as the ultimate strength.

3. Elastic or Young’s modulus, E

Material can all be determined from the stress-strain curve for the material.

E = δp εp
Where, δp = proportional limit stress
εp = proportional limit strain

4. Elastic limit
Elastic limit is the value of stress on the stress-strain curve after which the material
deforms plastically (maximum stress for which stress will be directly proportional to
strain).

5. Percent elongation
Percent elongation is the measure of the deformation at the point of final fracture.
Determined by:
𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿𝑜
% elongation = × 100
𝐿𝑜

6. Percent reduction of area

Percent reduction of are is the measure of the deformation at the point of final fracture.
Determined by:
%𝑅𝐴 = 𝐴𝑜 − 𝐴𝑓𝐴𝑜 × 100
Where,
𝐴𝑓 = the final cross-sectional area at the location of fracture
𝐴𝑜 = the initial cross- sectional area

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7. Ductility
Ductility is the characteristic of a material where the material can undergo large plastic
deformations before fracture, especially in tension. Ductility of materials is measured by
ductility ratio
𝜇 = 𝜀𝑢 𝜀𝑦

Where, 𝜀𝑢 = the ultimate strain

𝜀𝑦 = the yield strain

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3.0 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES

1) APPARATUS

,
Vernier caliper and rectangular specimens

Extensometer

5
Tensile test machine

Load Cell

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 2) PROCEDURE

1. A vernier caliper is use to measure the length, thickness, and diameter of the specimen
(mild steel) in several places.

2. Mount the specimens to the jaw grip of tensile test machine.

3. The specimen was stretched by twisting the load anchor in a clockwise direction until a
small reading was recorded on the gauge.
4. The elongation of the specimen was recorded by placing the extensometer on the vertical
flat of inner jaw.
5. The extensometer is set to zero.
6. The load anchor was rotated clockwise until the extension gauge reported a 0.1 mm change.
7. Step 6 was repeated with the elongation values changed to 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm.
8. The reading was taken at 0.1 when the specimen is about to break.
9. Final measurements were taken and recorded.

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4.0 RESULTS
1) Test Sample Sketching

27.367 mm

82.367 mm

Sample Calculation:

Normal Stress, :

Where,
P = Load (N)
Ao = Initial cross-sectional area, m2

Normal Strain, :

Where,

elongation, m
original length, m

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2) Test Result Table

Geometry Rectangular
Specimen label Specimen X3
Length (m) 0.055
Width (m) 0.012
Thickness (m) 0.00413
Table 1: Specimen Data

Normal Stress
Extension, mm Load (N) Normal Strain
(MPa)
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.02236 491.41030 9.915 4.065E-4
0.04006 2345.42930 47.325 7.284E-4
0.06097 4481.91663 90.434 0.0011
0.07839 6221.78977 125.540 0.0014
0.09930 8569.51217 172.911 0.0018
0.11673 10667.82106 215.250 0.0021
0.13764 12398.53268 250.172 0.0025
0.11506 12494.38729 252.106 0.0021
0.19340 12548.56479 253.199 0.0035
2.20752 12608.09650 254.400 0.0401
4.02853 12667.67360 255.603 0.0732
5.35755 12727.25070 256.804 0.0974
6.39553 13129.10289 264.913 0.1163
7.06232 14070.08298 283.900 0.1284
8.42042 15263.00480 307.970 0.1531

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 9.77853 15942.01197 312.591 0.1778
11.13681 16354.97927 330.004 0.2025
11.82826 16503.19577 332.994 0.2151
13.55908 16638.66677 335.728 0.2465
14.42435 16805.80183 339.100 0.2623
15.97688 17007.90534 343.178 0.2905
17.33508 17043.10982 343.888 0.3152
18.54507 17047.14953 343.969 0.3372
19.90308 17022.01255 343.463 0.3619
21.26119 16968.51590 342.383 0.3866
23.80464 16880.33221 340.604 0.4328
24.79234 16633.19273 335.617 0.4508
26.84212 15527.03843 313.298 0.4880
27.21252 15123.78460 305.161 0.4948
27.36700 3360.30794 67.803 0.4976
Table 2: Result of experiment

3) Graph Plotting

Table 3: Load vs Extension Graph

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 Table 4: Normal Stress vs Normal Strain Graph

4) Values of important mechanical properties from the graph, i.e., modulus of

elasticity, yield strength, ultimate strength, and percent elongation

i) Modulus of Elasticity

ii) Yield Strength

256.804 MPa

iii) Ultimate Strength

343.949 MPa

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iv) Percent Elongation,

Where,
Original length of specimen
Length of specimen before rupture

= x 100

= 49.8 %

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5.0 DISCUSSION

1) Discuss the type of fracture of the sample being tested.

For the type of fracture of the sample, the specimen is being measured such as length
and diameter and is compared with the original length and its diameter. Hence, the
length of specimen increases while its diameter is decrease once it is broken and this
shows that the specimen is a ductile material. To proof that it is a ductile material, the
stress-strain graph is being analyzed. It increases perpendicular until it reaches the
Yield strength and then it maintains constantly. After it hits the ultimate strength, the
specimen started necking and faced fracture. This shows a slow deformation which
indicates it faced a plastic deformation. The specimen is a dull and fibrous, but it does
not affect anything in the Tensile Test.

2) Identify the type of material for Sample X# and justify how to support your
claim.
The type of material tested is Brass. To justify it, we have compared the experimental
data that have been calculated such as Modulus of Elasticity, Yield Strength, and
Ultimate Strength with commonly accepted manufacturer’s data. For the Modulus of
Elasticity, the calculated data shows 117.02GPa, which as we can see from the
manufacturer’s data, the Modulus of Elasticity of brass is around 102GPa – 125GPa.
For the Ultimate Strength, the recorded experimental data on Table 2 shows
343.949MPa. When we compare to the manufacturer’s data, the nearest value of
Ultimate Tensile Strength to our experimental data is 250Mpa, which is Brass.

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6.0 CONCLUSION
Tensile tests can be used to obtain information on the following types of properties such as
elastic properties, plastic properties, and toughness. Many engineering applications that
require high tensile strength normally uses mild steel. This is because of the structure of
mild steel that can withstand high axial loads before fracture happen. This experiment
therefore gives close relationship of tensile strength to the theoretical data.

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7.0 REFERENCES

1) Young's Modulus, Tensile Strength and Yield Strength Values for some Materials
(engineeringtoolbox.com)
2) Davis, Joseph R. (2004). Tensile testing (2nd ed.). ASM International. ISBN 978-
0-87170-806-9.
3) R. C. Hibbeler (2013) Mechanics of Materials, Pearson Education South Asia Pte
Ltd, Ninth Edition
4) Video of Tensile test, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8U4G5kcpcM

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 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Teamwork Assessment Form
Name : MOHD SYAZWAN BIN SARUDIN
Member’s Name 1: MOHAMMAD ARIF BIN MOHAMMED
2: MOHAMAD IRSYAD HAKIM BIN MOHAMAD
ZAHAIR
3: MUHAMAD AMER FARHAN BIN MOHD AZIZI
4: MUHAMMAD ADIB BIN MASHUDI

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self 1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 5 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 5 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 50 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self : Done a very good job

Member 1 : Done a very good job

Member 2 : Done a very good job

16
Member 3 : Done a very good job
Member 4 : Done a very good job

17