MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT NO & TITLE
EXPERIMENT 1/
TENSILE TEST
COURSE TITLE & CODE
STREGNTH OF
MATERIAL
NAME
ELANGO A/L P
SURESH
MATRIC NUMBER 211351929

PROGRAMME UR6543001 GROUP 2

DATE OF EXPERIMENT 10/11/2022 SESSION/SEMESTER 3

DR. MUHAMAD
LECTURER SAIFULDIN BIN
ABDUL MANAN
EN. WAN
TEACHING ENGINEER
SHAHRIZAL
BIN WAN
NADHARI
EN. MAZLAN
ASSISTANT ENGINEER BIN MOHD
HUSIN
LAB USE
LAB STAMP
DATE RECEIVED

COLLECTOR SIGNATURE

NOTES

LECTURER’S COMMENT:
ITEM GRADED

MARKS:

EXPERIMENT NO & TITLE

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 MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

NAME

COLLECTOR NAME

COLLECTOR SIGNATURE DATE RECEIVED

LAB 1

TENSILE TEST

1.0 OBJECTIVES

1.1 To understand the concept of stress-strain diagram and mechanical properties for a
specific material.
1.2 To construct stress-strain diagram based on Universal Testing Machine data.
1.3 To analyze and compare the stress-strain diagram of two different types of
materials.

2.0 INTRODUCTION &THEORY

The basic understanding of stress-strain behaviour of materials is most importance to the

material and design engineers. The tensile test is one of a common mechanical test that provides
stress - strain behaviour on a chart/plot. This test allows us to determine several important
mechanical properties such as elastic limit, yield strength, ultimate stress, etc. The tensile test is
normally carried out using Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Typical structure diagram of the
test machine is shown in Fig. 1 and 2.

Fig. 1 Structure Diagram of Testing Machine

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Fig. 2 Tensile Test

Fig 3. Typical Stress-Strain curve for some materials

In a tensile test specimen is deformed by a gradually increasing tensile load applied along
its vertical axis. The specimen will elongate at a constant rate. Typical results of stress-strain
curve is shown in Fig. 3. For a better understanding of the stress- strain curve, it is necessary to
define a few basic terms that are associated with the stress-strain plot.

Stress: the force applied to produce deformation in a unit area of a test specimen. The value
which is obtained by dividing tensile load applied to the test piece at any moment by area of
original cross section within the reference lines.

Stress = Load
Area
(kgm-2) (Eq. 3.1)

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Strain: the measurement of the deformation length that has occurred in specimen or simply stated
as changed in length per unit of the original length.

Strain = Final length – Original length

Original length

L (Eq. 3.2)
 L
o

Elongation: the increase in the length of a test specimen produced by a tensile load.

L
Percent elongation: % Elongation = 100%
Lo

where Lo : original length

Yield stress/ yield strength: the stress at the first point on the stress-strain curve at which an
increase in strain occurs without the increase in stress.

Fracture stress: The stress at the fracture point of the specimen.

Proportional limit: the stress at the point where the straight line portion of the stress- strain curves
ends or the relation between stress-strain begins to deviate from linearity.

Elastic limit: the point at which there is no permanent deformation in a structure or the point at
which the body regains its original shape.

Modulus of elastic/ Young’s modulus: the ratio of stress corresponding strain within the
proportional limit. In case where the tensile stress-strain curve has no linear portion, it is defined
as the inclination of tangent to the curve at the starting point of deformation. Modulus is a
measurement of material’s stiffness.

Ultimate stress/ Ultimate strength: the maximum/ highest stress a material will withstand when
subjected to an applied load.

0.2% proof stress: When a yield stress is not easily defined on the basis of the shape of the stress-
strain curve an offset yield point is arbitrarily defined. The value for this is commonly set at 0.2%
plastic strain.

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

3.0 EQUIPMENT & MATERIALS

Equipment : Universal Testing Machine

Fig 4. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

Materials : Specimens-Flat Bar (Mild Steel & Aluminum)

Fig 5. Standard Specimen

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

4.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

4.1 Set-Up Procedure

4.1.1 Make sure that the primary power supply capacity is properly connected.
4.1.2 Make sure that the power supply cable is properly connected to the
connector.
(Note that most of the accessories such as the recorder and
data processor need a single-phase power supply. Provide a power supply for such
equipment separately, in addition to the power supply for the testing machine).
4.1.3 Turn ON the power supply circuit breaker of the testing machine.
4.1.4 Turn ON the power switch.
4.1.5 If the emergency stop switch on the main frame is locked, turn this switch to
unlock it. When the emergency stop switch is locked, power cannot be supplied to
the servo amplifier.
4.1.6 Calibrate the force amplifier.
4.1.7 Mounting the tensile test jig (universal joint, lower joint and grips).

Note
To stabilize the measurement system of the testing machine, take a warm-up time of appox. 15
minutes after turning ON the power.

4.2 Test Procedure

4.2.1 You will be given two specimens with different types i.e mild steel and
aluminum. For each specimen, measure the width and thickness using a vernier
caliper.
4.2.2 Draw, with a pencil or marker, two lines on the straight section of the specimen
so that the lines are 100mm apart. This will be the gauge length, Lo.
4.2.3 The testing machine has already been set up and calibrated by assistant engineer.
4.2.4 Insert top section of specimen in the top grip and tighten it in place.
4.2.5 Insert bottom section of specimen in the bottom grip and tighten it in
place. Be careful not to bend the specimen while tightening.
4.2.6 Open the Method File from Shidmadzu software and click Tensile Test. The
Tensile Test file will be displayed on the screen.
4.2.7 Set the Position and Force to be zero in the system.
4.2.8 Start the test by pressing the “START” button and wait until the specimen broke.
4.2.9 After the specimen has broken, remove the two halves of the specimen.
4.2.10 Obtain the data from data acquisition software machine. Make sure you got the
correct data, that are load and elongation data.
4.2.11 Measure the final length of the specimen, L, using a venier clipper. The final
length is the minimum length which occurred at the neck.
4.2.12 Put the two halves of the broken specimen together and measure the distance
between the lines that you scratched on the specimen. This distance is the final
length, L.

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

4.2.13 Make a sketch of the failed specimen (sketch the flat side). Be sure to
identify the neck and fracture regions.
4.2.14 Repeat with another specimen at section 4.2.4.

4.3 Shut-Down Procedure

4.3.1 Turn OFF the power switch.

4.3.2 Turn OFF the power supply circuit breaker.
4.3.3 Turn OFF the circuit breaker of the primary power supply (at the user’s site).
4.3.4 Remove the tensile test equipment (universal joint, lower joint and grips).

5.0 ANALYSIS
5.1. Complete Table 1 for the original dimensions and the final dimensions of mild steel
and aluminum specimens.
5.2. Construct a stress-strain curve from the load-elongation curve
i. First, complete your load-elongation curve data in Table 2. For each
point, compute also the stress and strain (engineering values). Use
percent (%) strain as the unit for strain and MPa as the unit for stress. It
is expected you have a proper knowledge to compute it by using
spreadsheet software. Use Eq. 3-1 (stress) and Eq. 3-2 (strain) to
compute engineering stress and strain.
ii. Next, construct the load-elongation curves by utilizing the given
spreadsheet and name it as Fig. 1. The load is on the y-axis and
elongation is on the x-axis. The unit of load and elongation are kN and
mm, respectively.
iii. Construct the stress vs. strain for mild steel and aluminum. The stress is
on the y-axis while the strain is on x-axis.
5.3. Based on graph of stress vs. strain for both specimens (Fig. 2) calculate their
mechanical properties as required for Table 3.

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6.0 RESULTS

TABLE 1

Material Name Mild Steel Aluminium

Width, W (mm) 10mm 10mm
Thickness, T (mm) 3mm 3mm
Original Gauge Length, Lo (mm) 100mm 100mm
Final Gauge Length, L (mm) 115mm 107.5mm
% Elongation (%) 15.6% 7.5%

TABLE 2 (a) Test data for Mild Steel specimen

Time ( Sec) Load ( kN ) Elongation (mm) Stress (Mpa) Strain (%)

0 0.00517 0 0.17219 0
10 6.48479 0.83056 216.16 0.83056
20 11.555 1.6639 385.165 1.6639
30 12.7956 2.49724 426.52 2.49724
40 13.5705 3.33056 452.35 3.33056
50 14.1116 4.1639 470.388 4.1639
60 14.5062 4.99724 483.541 4.99724
70 14.7924 5.83055 493.081 5.83055
80 15.006 6.6639 500.201 6.6639
90 15.1617 7.49724 505.39 7.49724
100 15.2756 8.33056 509.187 8.33056
110 15.3581 9.1639 511.935 9.1639
120 15.4136 9.99724 513.787 9.99724
130 15.4468 10.8306 514.893 10.8306
140 15.459 11.6639 515.301 11.6639
150 15.458 12.4972 515.266 12.4972
160 15.4396 13.3306 514.654 13.3306
170 15.3978 14.1639 513.26 14.1639
180 15.2896 14.9973 509.654 14.9973
190 15.003 15.8306 500.102 15.8306
200 14.2947 16.6639 476.489 16.6639
210 12.6181 17.4972 420.604 17.4972
213 10.2865 17.7473 342.883 17.7473
213.16 0.32242 17.7606 10.7474 17.7606

TABLE 2 (b) Test data for Aluminum specimen

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Time (Sec) Load ( kN ) Elongation (mm) Stress (Mpa) Strain (%)

0 0.0122 0 0.40664 0

10 2.91793 0.83055 97.3543 0.83055

20 4.65703 1.66389 155.234 1.66389

30 5.27569 2.49722 175.856 2.49722

40 5.68283 3.33054 189.428 3.33054

50 5.86144 4.1639 195.381 4.1639

60 6.0968 4.99722 203.227 4.99722

70 6.1603 5.83055 205.343 5.83055

80 6.2391 6.6639 207.97 6.6639

90 6.29739 7.49722 209.913 7.49722

100 6.14214 8.33055 204.738 8.33055

110 5.61496 9.1639 187.165 9.1639

119 0.51832 9.9139 17.2774 9.9139

119.41 0.08774 9.94808 2.9246 9.94808

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Fig. 1(a) Force vs. Elongation curve (Mild Steel)

force vs elongation aluminum

7
6
5
4
force N

3
2
1
0
0 52 85 19 42 96 19 52 96 19 52 96 96 83
305 638 972 305 638 972 305 638 972 305 638 138 480
8 6 4 3 1 9 8 6 4 3 1 9 9
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 9. 9.
elongation mm

Fig. 1(b) Force vs. Elongation curve (Aluminum)

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MMK 20203 Strength of Materials Laboratory Module

Fig. 2(a) Stress vs. Strain (Mild Steel)

Fig. 2(b) Stress vs. Strain (Aluminum)

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TABLE 3 Mechanical Properties

Material Name Mild Steel Aluminum

Young’s Modulus (Gpa) 210 70
Elastic limit (MPa) 347 120
Yield Stress (MPa) 417 175
Ultimate Stress (MPa) 500 206
Fracture Stress (MPa) 387 156

Stress vs. Strain (Mild Steel & Aluminum)

600
500
400
Stress(Mpa)

300
200
100
0
0 62 24 06 63 25 89 56 25 89 56 25 0 85 42 19 96 52 96
055 372 389 055 372 .03 705 372 .03 705 747 638 305 972 638 305 138
7 3. .0 .7 8. 10 1. 3. 15 6. 7. 6 3 9 6 3 9
1. 5 6 1 1 1 1 1. 3. 4. 6. 8. 9.
Strain(%)

Series1

Fig. 3 Comparison of Stress vs. Strain for Mild steel and Aluminum

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7.0 DISCUSSION

The results of the experiment show that mild steel and aluminum have different levels of
durability, although figures 1 and 2 show that the trend graphs of force vs. elongation and stress
vs. strain are identical. Using information on the cross-sectional area, length, extension, and
axial loads, strains and stress were calculated for the two sample specimens. When stressed to
the same degree as mild steel, aluminum exhibited more extension. This is brought on by the
two sample materials' different microcrystalline structures. Aluminum has a yield stress of 175
MPa compared to the 417 MPa of mild steel. Mild steel therefore has a greater tensile strength
than aluminum. Mild steel had a greater gradient than aluminum when the materials' respective
gradients were computed. The gradients of stress-strain curves are used to calculate the Young's
modulus, which controls material deflection under different loads. A considerable difference
was created by applying additional stress to both specimens above the yield limit; mild steel
fractured at about 387 MPa, whereas aluminum broke at 156 MPa. While the aluminum
structure is Centered Cubic (CC), the mild steel structure is Body Centered Cubic (BCC) (FCC).
The length variations show how ductile the material is under load. Compared to aluminum,
there was significantly more necking in mild steel. Precipitation hardening limits the elongation
of aluminum and its alloys.

Engineering stress- strain relationships cannot impact cross sectional area changes; only real
stress- strain curves may experience such changes. True strains are often more valuable than
engineered strains. This is because actual stresses occur in the transverse directions of the gauge
length. High stress and strain levels in mild steel are caused by strain hardening. Strain
hardening or work hardening occurs at greater stress levels in mild steel than in aluminum.

The graph shows that the engineering stress-strain curves fall downward after necking.
However, because the curves would go close to the maximal area of fracture, this phenomena is
not seen in typical real stress-strain curves. The extensometers on the universal testing machine
evaluated the strain applied to each sample specimen, and then engineering stress and strains
were calculated. Data on strain was logged on the cross head following necking. By dividing the
imposed load by the original cross-sectional area, the engineering stress was computed.
Engineering strain length extensions were calculated as a percentage of the initial length. The
applied load may be divided by the instantaneous area in actual stress calculations.

8.0 CONCLUSION

In engineering applications where high tensile strength is required, mild steel is frequently used.
This is because mild steel has a crystalline structure that allows it to withstand high axial strains
before breaking. Contrarily, aluminium has several applications in designs that call for low-
density materials, including aerodynamics and a variety of motor vehicles. With lower Young's
modulus level values, aluminium has higher ductility rates than mild steel, which affects how
much a structural component deflects. As a result, this experiment reveals a solid connection
between theoretical data and tensile strength.

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9.0 REFERENCES

https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-tensile-testing

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/tensile-testing

https://www.mse.iastate.edu/files/2011/07/polymer-lab-instron-procedure.pdf

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