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When you are building and drawing molecules it is essential to remember that it's the
bonds between the atoms where energy is stored. Organic molecules are often complex
and hence contain many bonds. The background image is a molecular model that shows
a small part of a cellulose molecule.
Understandings, Applications and Skills
Statement Guidance
2.3.U1 Monosaccharide monomers are linked together by Sucrose, lactose and maltose should be
condensation reactions to form disaccharides and included as examples of disaccharides
polysaccharide polymers. produced by combining monosaccharides.
The structure of starch should include
amylose and amylopectin.
2.3.U2 Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated or Named examples of fatty acids are not
polyunsaturated. required.
2.3.U3 Unsaturated fatty acids can be cis or trans
isomers.
2.3.U4 Triglycerides are formed by condensation from
three fatty acids and one glycerol.
2.3.A1 Structure and function of cellulose and starch in
plants and glycogen in humans.
2.3.A2 Scientific evidence for health risks of trans fats and
saturated fatty acids.
2.3.A3 Lipids are more suitable for long-term energy
storage in humans than carbohydrates.
2.3.A4 Evaluation of evidence and the methods used to
obtain the evidence for health claims made about
lipids.
2.3.S1 Use of molecular visualization software to compare
cellulose, starch and glycogen.
2.3.S2 Determination of body mass index by calculation or
use of a nomogram.
2.1.U2 Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist.
Despite only being the 15th most abundant element on the planet carbon
forms the backbone of every single organic molecule.
Covalent bonds are the strongest Carbon atoms contain four electrons
type of bond between atoms. in their outer shell allowing them to
Stable molecules can be formed. form four covalent bonds with
potential four other different atoms,
e.g. methane (CH4).
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon-atom.jpg
http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/images/ofmonth/2002-11/titin.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Methane-2D-dot-cross.png
2.3.U1 Monosaccharide monomers are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and
polysaccharide polymers.
Most commonly
found in milk,
but also found
in cereals
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galactose-3D-balls.png
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha-D-glucose-3D-balls.pn
2.3.U1 Monosaccharide monomers are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and
polysaccharide polymers.
Commonly found in
fruits and honey
It is the sweetest
naturally occurring
carbohydrate
http://www.flickr.com/photos/max_westby/4045923/
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Apple.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3dfructose.png
2.3.U1 Monosaccharide monomers are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and
polysaccharide polymers.
Deoxyribose differs as
shown in the diagram,
and forms the
backbone of DNA
N.B. the above monosaccharides are included for continuity from
statement “2.1.S2 Identification of biochemicals such as sugars, lipids or
amino acids from molecular diagrams.”. They are not referred to in the
formation of the following disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Disaccharide #1
Maltose (C12H22O11) is a dimer
of glucose
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maltose_syrup.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maltose_Haworth.svg
2.3.U1 Monosaccharide monomers are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and
polysaccharide polymers.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/vermininc/2764742483/
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha-lactose-from-xtal-3D-balls.png
2.3.U1 Monosaccharide monomers are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and
polysaccharide polymers.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sucrose.gif
http://www.flickr.com/photos/carowallis1/4388310394/
2.3.U1 Monosaccharide monomers are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and
polysaccharide polymers.
2.3.A1 Structure and function of cellulose and starch in plants and glycogen in humans.
• Cellulose molecules are unbranched chains of β-glucose. n.b. Vertebrates (including humans)
• Hydrogen bonds link the the molecules together. are unable to digest cellulose
• The linked molecules form bundles called cellulose microfibrils. because they don’t possess enzymes
to breakdown glycosidic bonds
• They have very high tensile strength.
between β-glucose molecules.
• The tensile strength of cellulose (the basis of cell walls) Grazing animals often host bacteria
prevents plant cells from bursting, even under very high (water) in their guts which do possess these
pressure. enzymes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cellulose_spacefilling_model.jpg
2.3.A1 Structure and function of cellulose and starch in plants and glycogen in humans.
Amylose and
Polysaccharide #2 Amylopectin are both
forms of starch and
made from repeating
glucose units
http://www.flickr.com/photos/caroslines/5534432762/
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amylose3.svg
2.3.A1 Structure and function of cellulose and starch in plants and glycogen in humans.
http://www.biotopics.co.uk/jsmol/glucose.html
2.3.S1 Use of molecular visualization software to compare cellulose, starch and glycogen.
Q1 Oleic Acid
Q2 Caproic Acid
Q3 α-Linolenic Acid
2.3.U2 Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated.
Triglycerides formed from cis-isomers have low Triglycerides formed from trans-isomers have high
melting points – they usually liquid at room melting points – they usually solid at room
temperature temperature
2.3.U3 Unsaturated fatty acids can be cis or trans isomers.
???
???
2.3.U3 Unsaturated fatty acids can be cis or trans isomers.
http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/02/18/raspberry-ketone-be-wary-this-diet-trend/
http://www.forbes.com/2004/04/21/cz_af_0421feat.html
http://www.badscience.net/2009/08/health-warning-exercise-makes-you-fat/
2.3.A4 Evaluation of evidence and the methods used to obtain the evidence for health claims made about lipids.
AND Nature of science: evaluating claims - health claims made about lipids in diets need to be assessed. (5.2)
• A positive correlation has been found between saturated fatty acid intake and rates of CHD in many
studies.
• Correlation ≠ causation. Another factor, e.g. dietary fibre could be responsible.
• There are populations that do not fit the correlation such as the Maasai of Kenya. They have a diet
that is rich in meat, fat, blood and milk. They therefore have a high consumption of saturated fats, yet
CHD is almost unknown among the Maasai.
• Diets rich in olive oil, which contains cis-monounsaturated fatty acids, are traditionally eaten in
countries around the Mediterranean. The populations of these countries typically have low rates of
CHD and it has been claimed that this is due to the intake of cis-monounsaturated fatty acids.
• Genetic factors in these populations could be responsible.
• Other aspects of the diet could explain the CHD rates.
• There is also a positive correlation between amounts of trans-fat consumed and rates of CHD.
• Other risk factors have been tested, to see if they can account for the correlation, but none did.
Trans-fats therefore probably do cause CHD.
• In patients who had died from CHD, fatty deposits in the diseased arteries have been found to
contain high concentrations of trans-fats, which gives more evidence of a causal link.
Also check the good explanation of Lipid health risks from Bioninja
http://oliveoilsindia.com/green-olives/green-olives.jpg
2.3.U4 Triglycerides are formed by condensation from three fatty acids and one glycerol.
Triglycerides formation
Condensation reaction between glycerol and fatty acids
=1/6
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bat#mediaviewer/File:PikiWiki_Israel_11327_Wildlife_and_Plants_of_Israel-Bat-003.jpg
2.3.A3 Lipids are more suitable for long-term energy storage in humans than carbohydrates.
Glucose in the bloodstream is for immediate use and will either be used in
respiration to yield ATP or converted to glycogen or fat
An analogy: you
r Wallet easy to get to,
would be too big if you put
it in (Glycogen)
Put in all your money
You are
paid in cash Deposit in t
he
(Glucose)
Bank
(Fat)
Example:
BMI Status
http://helid.digicollection.org/documents/h0211e/p434.gif
2.3.S2 Determination of body mass index by calculation or use of a nomogram.
b. Deduce the body mass status of 35.7 kg m-2 is above 30.0 (see table below)
this man using the table. (1) therefore the person would be classified obese.
BMI Status
c. Outline the relationship
between height and BMI for a Below 18.5 Underweight
fixed body mass. (1) 18.5 – 24.9 Normal
The taller a person the smaller the 25.0 – 29.9 Overweight
BMI;
30.0 and Above Obese
(negative correlation, but not a
linear relationship)
2.3.S2 Determination of body mass index by calculation or use of a nomogram.
Jason de Nys