Assignment of Building Services- VI

Submitted To – Prof. Vipin Jindal

Submitted by – Ayush Sharma
75196002
Where to provide fire and safety norms ?

• Any building having a height of 15m or more than 15m

is considered as high rise building
• In this type of building minimum two staircases should
be provided
• In any building in which on any one floor or in total
FAR > 500 square meter
• Fire fighting norms should be followed in educational
building having height of 9m or above
• Same for institutional building fire fighting should be
followed for height 9m or above
• Any building having 300 square meter or above for
assembly purposes,that building should follow fire
fighting norms
• Any building with two basements and more or area of
basement is 500 square meter or more
 Staircases
• Requirements of number of staircases shall supplement the requirement of different
occupancies
• All buildings, as mentioned in 1.2, shall have a minimum of two staircases. The actual
number of staircases shall comply with the requirement of4.4.2.1.
• All exit staircases shall discharge, at the level of exit discharge, to the exit discharge, either,
a) directly, or
b) through an exit passageway, or
c) through a large lobby.
• At least 50 percent of the staircases shall discharge as per (a) and/or (b) above.
• The minimum width of tread without nosing shall be 250 mm for staircase of residential
buildings. This shall be minimum 300 mm for assembly, hotels, educational, institutional,
business and other buildings. The treads shall be constructed and maintained in a manner to
prevent slipping. The maximum height of riser shall be 190 mm for staircase of residential
buildings (A-2) and 150 mm for other buildings. The number of risers shall be limited to 12
per flight.
• The staircases may be internal staircases or external staircases.
 Internal staircases

• The internal staircases may be constructed with an external wall, or otherwise, and shall
comply with the following:
a) Internal stairs shall be constructed of non¬ combustible materials throughout, and shall have
fire resistant rating of minimum 120 min.
b) A staircase shall not be arranged round a lift shaft.

c) Exits shall not be used as a portion of a supply, return

or exhaust air system serving adjoining areas. Any
opening(s) shall not be permitted in walls or in doors,
separating exits from adjoining areas

d) No flue chimney, electromechanical equipment, air conditioning units, gas piping or electrical
panels shall be allowed in the stairway.
e) Not withstanding the detailed provision for exits in accordance with 4.2 and 4.3, the following
minimum width shall be provided for staircases for respective occupancies:
1) Residential (A-2) : 1.00 m
NOTE—For row housing with 2 storey's, the minimum width shall be 0.75 m.
2) Residential (A-l, A-3 and : 1.25 m A-4)
3) Residential hotel (A-5 and : 1.50 m
• A-6)
4) Assembly : 2.00 m
NOTE — The width of stairs may be accepted to be 1.50 m in case of assembly occupancy
having less than 150 persons.
5) Educational : 1.50 m
6) Institutional : 2.00 m
7) All other occupancies : 1.50 m
f) A handrail shall be provided on one side of the staircase of width less than 1 500 mm, and
on both sides of the staircase of width 1 500 mm and more. The projection of handrail(s)
in the staircase width shall not be more than 115 mm. All other requirements of handrail
shall be in accordance with Part 3 ‘Development Control Rules and General Building
Requirements’ of the Code.
g) Handrails may project inside the measured width by not more than 90 mm.
h) The design of staircase shall also take into account the following:
1)The minimum headroom in a passage under the landing of a staircase and under the
staircase shall be 2.2 m

2) Access to exit staircase shall be through a fire door of a minimum 120 min fire resistance
rating.
3) No living space, store or other fire risk shall open directly into staircases.
4) The exit (including staircases) shall be continuous from refuge floors or terrace level, as
applicable, to the level of exit discharge.
5) No electrical shafts/air conditioning ducts or gas pipes, etc, shall pass through or open in
the staircases.
6) Lifts shall not open in staircase.
7) No combustible material shall be used for decoration wall panelling in the staircase.
8) Beams/columns and other building features shall not reduce the head room/ width of the
staircase.
9) The floor indication board, indicating the location/designated number of staircase,
respective floor number and direction to exit discharge shall be placed inside the
staircase, on the wall nearest to the fire door. It shall be of size not less than 300 mm x
200 mm (see Fig. 9).
10) Individual floors shall be prominently indicated on the wall outside the staircase and
facing it.
11) All staircase shall terminate at the level of exit discharge. The access to the basement
shall be by a separate staircase.
12) Scissors type staircases shall not be treated as part of exit.
 Curved stairs

Curved stairs shall not be treated as part means of egress.

However, these may be used as part of exit access provided
the depth of tread is not less than 280 mm at a point 350 mm
from the narrower end of the tread and the smallest radius is
not less than twice the stair width.

The external staircases are the staircases provided on the external wall/facade, and
shall comply with the following:
a) External stairs shall always be kept in sound and usable condition.
b) All external stairs shall be directly connected to the ground.
c) Entrance to the external stairs shall be separate and remote from the internal
staircase.
d) Where an external staircase is provided, it shall be ensured that the use of it at the time
of fire is not prejudiced by smoke and flame from openings (for example, windows,
doors) in the external face of the building. Care shall be taken to ensure that no external
wall or window opening opens on to or close to an external stair. If such openings exists
within 3 m from an external staircase, they shall be protected with fire rated
doors/window assemblies with rating of at least 60 min
e) The external stairs shall be constructed of non-
combustible materials, and any doorway leading
to it shall have minimum 120 min fire resistance.
f) No external staircase, shall be inclined at an angle
greater than 45° from the horizontal.
g) External stairs shall have straight flight not less
than 1500 mm wide.
h) Handrails, to be provided on both sides, shall be
of a height not less than 1000 mm and not
exceeding 1200 mm. There shall be provisions of
balusters with maximum gap of 150 mm.
j) The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to low
occupant load and to a building not exceeding 9m
in height. A spiral staircase shall be not less than
1500 mm in diameter and shall be designed to give
adequate headroom
 Ramps

Ramp is a sloping pathway leading from one level to another. Ramps of an appropriate design
shall be provided at all changes in level other than those served by an accessible lift or
accessible lifting mechanism accommodating the specific requirements of persons with
disabilities
a) Ramps shall comply with all the applicable requirements for staircases regarding enclosure,
capacity and limiting dimensions,
b) The slope of a ramp shall not exceed 1 in 12 (8 percent).
c) Ramps shall be surfaced with approved slip resistant materials that are securely attached. No
perforations are permissible on ramp floors.
d) Any changes in travel direction in ramp shall be preceded by landings of 1.5 m * 1.5 m size.
e) Ramps and intermediate landings shall continue with no decrease in width along the direction of
egress travel.
f) Outside ramps and landings shall be designed to minimize water accumulation on their surfaces.
g) Ramps shall have landings located at the top, at the bottom, and at doors opening onto the ramp.
h) Every landing shall be not less than 1 500 mm long in the direction of travel.
j) Where the ramp is not part of an accessible route, the ramp landings shall not be required to exceed
1 250 mm in the direction of travel, provided that the ramp has a straight run.
Ramps
 Types of lifts

• Goods Lift— A lift designed primarily for the transport of goods, but which may carry a lift
attendant or other personnel necessary for the loading or unloading of goods.
• Passenger Lift—A lift designed for the transport of passengers

Arrangement of lifts
Sizes of passengers lifts
Goods lifts
• Normally goods lifts have lower speeds than
passenger lifts for the same travel because traffic
conditions are less demanding, and more time is
required for loading and unloading. As loads for
goods lifts increase in size and weight, so the
operation of loading and unloading becomes more
difficult. Therefore, it is usual to require greater
accuracy of leveling as the capacity of the goods
lift increases.

A large capacity goods lift operating at high speed

is often a very uneconomical solution. The inherent
high cost is enhanced due to the very small demand
for such equipment, much of which is custom
made. The high capital cost of the lift, building
work and electrical supply equipment usually
shows a much smaller return as an investment than
more normal sizes of lifts
Size for goods lift
 Important terminology for fire and safety
• Dry Riser – An arrangement of • Wet Riser - An arrangement for firefighting
firefighting within the building by means within the building by means of vertical
of vertical rising main not less than 100 rising mains not less than 100 mm nominal
mm internal diameter with valves on each diameter with landing valves on each
floor/landing, which is normally dry but is floor/landing for firefighting purposes and
capable of being charged with water permanently charged with water from a
usually by pumping from fire service pressurized supply
appliances
 Building planning considerations for Fire fighting

• Fire Mains (Dry risers and Wet risers)

1) Fire mains are provided in all buildings that are more than 15 m tall. In buildings less than
50 m tall, either a wet riser or dry riser fire main can be provided.
2) Dry risers are used when the water pressure of a building wouldn't be enough for fire
suppression, and in cold climates where the wet riser pipes could freeze
3) However, where a building extends to more than 50 m, wet risers are necessary as the
pumping pressure required to charge the riser is higher than can be provided by a fire
service appliance, and to ensure an immediate supply of water is available at high level.
4) Wet risers are charged with water from a pressurized supply, often pumped from a storage
tank, with landing valves at specified locations on each floor.

• Water storage for Fire fighting during Construction

1) Dry riser of min 100 mm dia.
2) For high rise buildings drums of 2000 litre capacity filled with water and two fire buckets
at each floor during construction phase
3) A water storage tank with 20,000 litre capacity which can be used for other purposes also
during construction phase
• Water storage for Fire fighting in Residential buildings
1) Static water storage (SWS) - fire protection
system needs sufficient water which should be
available at all times to fight the fire. The static
storage is provided at the ground level and
terrace level of the building by means of water
storage tanks. The storage is provided generally in
such a way that the municipal water supply is first
received in the fire static storage tank from where
it overflows to the domestic tank. Thus water will
always be available in the event of a fire
Requirements of Static water storage
• For buildings up to 15 m SWS is not required but it is mandatory to have 5000-10000
litre capacity OHT
• For building higher than 15 m but less than 35 m SWS is not required but it is
mandatory to have 25,000 litre capacity OHT
• For building higher than 35 m but less than 45 m SWS should have 75,000 litres and
5,000 litre in OHT as reserve
• For building higher than 45 m but less than 60 m SWS should have 1, 50,000 litres
and 10,000 litre in OHT as reserve
• For building higher than 60 m SWS should have 2,00,000 liters and 10,000 litre in
OHT as reserve
• Fire fighting pump
1) A fire pump is a part of a fire sprinkler system's water supply and powered by
electricity or diesel. The pump intake is either connected to the public underground
water supply piping, or a static water source.
2) As per NBC it needs to have a minimum pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2 at remotest
location in the system

• Requirement of Fire fighting pump

• For buildings up to 15 m Fire pumps are not required
• For building higher than 15 m but less than 35 m fire pump should have capacity
of 900 litre/min
• For building higher than 35 m but less than 45 m a set of pumps consisting one
electric and one diesel of capacity 2280 litre/min and one electric pump of 180
litre/min
• For building higher than 45 m but less than 60 m a set of pumps consisting two
electric and one diesel of capacity 2280 litre/min and two electric pump of 180
litre/min
• For building higher than 60 m a set of pumps consisting two electric and one diesel
of capacity 2850 litre/min and two electric pump of 180 litre/min
 Fire detection and alarm systems
• Functions -
• Detect fire in the areas.
• Notify building occupants to take evasive action to escape the dangers of a fire.
• Summon organized assistance to initiate or assist in fire control activities.
• Initiate automatic fire control & suppression systems & start the alarm.
• Supervise fire control & suppression systems to assure operational status is maintained

Block diagram of FDA system

 Fire detection and alarm systems

• Depending on the occupancy, M.O.E.F.A. system or automatic operated system shall be

provided in the building.

• Every building more than 15m in height shall provide both I.e. M.O.E.F.A & A.F.A.

• Residential & office buildings between 15m & 24m in height may be exempted from
installation of automatic fire alarm system if local fire brigade is well equipped to face
the emergency up to 24m.

• One has to manually operate the glass in M.O.E.F.A.

 Refuge area & Fire tower
Refuge area:
For buildings more than 24 min height, refuge area of 15 rn2 or an area equivalent to 0.3 m2
per person to accommodate the occupants of two consecutive floors, whichever is higher, shall
be provided as under:
The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor or preferably on a cantilever
projection and open to air at least on one side protected with suitable railings

1. For buildings more than 24 m in height, refuge area of 15 m2 or an area equivalent to 0.3
m2 per person to accommodate the occupants of two consecutive floors, whichever is
higher, shall be provided as under:

2. The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor or preferably on a cantilever
projection and open to air at least on one side protected with suitable railings
Fire Tower:
An enclosed staircase which can only be approached from the various floors through landings
or lobbies separated from both the floor areas and the staircase by fire-resisting doors and open
to the outer air
 Fire lift
Fire lift
• To enable fire services personnel to reach the upper floors with the minimum delay, one fire
lift per 1200 m2 of floor area shall be provided and shall be available for the exclusive use
of the fu emen in an Emergency.
• The lift shall have a floor area of not less than 1.4 m2. It shall have loading capacity of not
less than 545 kg (8 persons lift) with auto matic closing doors of minimum 0.8 m width,
• The speed of the fire lift shall be such that it can reach the top floor from ground level
within 1 min
Lifts
• Walls of lift enclosures shall have a fire rating of 2 h
• Lifts shafts shall have a vent at the top of area not less than
0.2 m2
If the lift shaft and lobby is in the core of the building, a
positive pressure between 25 and 30 Pa shall be maintained in
the lobby and a positive pressure of 50 Pa shall be maintained
in the lift shaft. The mechanism for pressurization shall act
auto matically with the fire alarm; it shall be possible to
operate this mechanically also.
Exit from the lift lobby, if located in the core of the building,
shall be through a self closing smoke stop door of half an hour
fire resistance.
 Corridors
Corridors and Passageways
Exit corridors and passage ways shall be of width not less than the aggregate required width
of exit doorways leading from them in the direction of travel to the exterior. Where stairways
discharge through corridors and passageways, the height of corridors and passageways shall be
not less than 2.4 m. All means of exit including staircases lifts lobbies and corridors shall be
adequately ventilated
Exit
Exits shall be so located that the travel
distance on the floor shall not exceed the distance
given in Table 22
Roof exits
It is a means of escape on to the roof of a building,
where the roof has access to it from the ground.
The exit shall have adequate cut-off within the
building from staircase below.
Travel Distance:
 
The distance to be travelled from any point in a
building to a protected escape route, external
escape route or final exit
 Fire safety systems
Fire Alarm System
All buildings with heights of 15 m or above shall be equipped with manually operated electrical
fire alarm (MOEFA) system and automatic fire alarm system in accordance with good practice.

Fire Control Room

For all buildings 15 m m height or above and apartment
buildings with a height of 30 m and above, there shall be a control room on the entrance floor of
the building with communication
system (suitable public address system) to , , - . all floors and facilities for receiving the
message from different floors.
Fire Drills and Regular Maintenance
Regular maintenance and fue drills should be done for observing
efficient working of system.
Construction
• All materials of constructions in load bearing elements,
stairways and corridors and facades shall be non-
combustible.
• The internal walls of staircase shall be of brick or
reinforced concrete with a minimum of 2 h fire rating.
 
Thank you 