MULTIPLE BIRTHS

A. Definition of Multiple Births

• Multiple Births are the birth of two

or more offspring within a few
days of one another.
B. Multiple births are the result
of an Assymetrical Cell Division
or of several Simultaneous
Fertilization.
• C. Different Forms of Multiple Births.
– 1. Twins
– 2. Triplets
– 3. Quadruplets
– 4. Quintuplets
– 5. Sextuplets
 D. Twins
• 1. Twins- are two individuals born at the
same time.
• 2. Different types of Twins are:
• A. Identical or Uniovular- come from a
single ovum fertilized by a single sperm.
They are so-called because of having
exactly the same assortment of genes.
• B. Non- identical, biovular or Fraternal- are
the product of two ova fertilized
simultaneously.
 Characteristics of twins are
summarized as follows
• A. Physically, identical twins are
much more alike than are non-
identical twins, who often show no
greater resemblance to one another
than do ordinary siblings.
• B. Mentally, twins are found to be
slightly below the average level of
siblings in intelligence test scores.
• C. In language ability, twins are
retarded in all aspects of language
ability as compared with singletons.
• In social development, they do not
develop their individual personalities
because they spend most of their time
together.
 D. Triplets
• Three types of Triplets are:
– A. Identical- all have come from the same
fertilized ovum.
– B. Two identical and one Sibling.
– C. Three siblings – each having come from a
separate fertilized ovum.
 E. Quintuplets
• Characteristics of Quintuplets is:
– A. They were proven to be backward
when intelligence tests were given to
them.
 Factors influencing pre-natal
development
• A. Some of the factors that influence Pre-
Natal Development Are the Following:
– 1. Food- The fetus needs proteins for tissue
building and repair; fats to form tissue fats
and fuel for the body; as well as surplus to
store in the body fat as reserve; and
carbohydrates for strength and energy.
Nutrients needed to consume by pregnant mother

• 2,200g to 2,900g of calories

• 175g of carbohydrates
• 71g of protein
• 13g of plant oil and and moderate taking of
other fats
 Vitamins deficiency
• Vitamin C-low taking of it may cause
abnormal health development
• Vitamin A-low taking of it may cause slow
cell division
• Vitamin D-low taking of it may cause slow
general growth and development of bones
in fetus.
• B Vitamins[riboflavin,thiamine,folic acid]
• Folic acid- low levels can cause spina
bifida- fetus spinal cord and vertebral
column is abnormal.
• 2. Maternal Health- Any diseased condition of
the mother that affects her general metabolism
will influence to a certain extent the
development of the fetus.
– 3. Alcohol- even if it is not used by the
mother, the male germ cell may have been
weakened by alcohol before fertilization
occurs.
• 4. Tobacco- it contains Nicotine, a powerful
narcotic poison and when inhaled, its effects are
more injurious than in ordinary smoking because
of the disturbance of blood pressure and heart
action.
• 5. Emotional experience of the mother- When
the mother is happy during the pre- natal period,
the disposition of the baby will be happy.
• 6. Age of Parents- it is said that older parents
have more intelligent children than younger
parents.
THANK YOU!