Route Optimizations

 If a scenario occurs, where if the MN is in the same sub network as the

node to which it is communicating and HA is on the other side of the

world.

 It is called triangular routing problem as it causes unnecessary overheads

for the network between CN and the HA.

 A solution to this problem is to inform the CN of the current location of the MN.

 The CN can learn the location by caching it in a binding cache, which is a part of

the routing table for the CN.

 HA informs the CN of the location. It needs four additional messages:

Reverse Tunnelling
 The reverse path from MS to the CN looks quite simple as the MN can

directly send its packets to the CN as in any other standard IP situation.

 The destination address in the packets is that of CN.

Reverse tunneling does not solve
 problems with firewalls, the reverse tunnel can be abused to circumvent

security mechanisms (tunnel hijacking)

 optimization of data paths, i.e. packets will be forwarded through the

tunnel via the HA to a sender (double triangular routing)