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Pressure refers to the force applied to a surface of an object per unit area. You calculate it using the following
formula

P=F/A 
Where P = Pressure, F= Force and A = Area
.

:The important question

?How can we measure the pressure
Manometers measure air pressure! There are two main groups
of Manometers:

1. The traditional 'analogue' style

Analogue manometers use a simple and accurate mechanism to determine air pressure that involves fluid
displacement. Water or mercury are alternative substances.

2. The more popular digital manometers.

Rather than using fluids, digital manometers do the same job but use a pressure transducer. An elastic
portion of the transducer detects pressure levels and converts this energy into an electronic signal,
 . producing a number appearing on a digital display
 The Role of Gravity on blood circulation
We learned from Bernoulli's principle that the pressure of the fluid change •
according to its kinetic energy density and as well as it potential energy density. •
Because of that, the blood pressure in human organs is affected by its location
.from earth

During the blood circulation, the venous system is used to

return the blood from the lower extremities to the heart. It
is expected to have a problem of lifting blood long distances
.to the heart against the force of gravity
 Tow possibilities

standing laying
for standing person the term ( hB-hH) is This results in equal blood
positive and, for Upward acceleration the pressure in the three parts
term (g+a) also positive pb=ph=pf
Upward acceleration: If a man experience upward •
:acceleration a, then his effective weight becomes m( g+ a)
Applying Bernoulli's equation to the foot, brain and heart with g
replaced by (g+a) so we

for standing person the term ( hB-

hH) is positive and, for Upward
acceleration the term (g+a) also
positive
At certain value of (a(, the human will lose
consciousness because the collapse of the arteries
in the brain when the blood pressure at the brain
.equal zero
-ph=0

=g+a
Take (hb-hH) =0,4m, ph=13.3kpa, and𝜌=1060kg/m3,
we get
13.3x1000/1060(0,4)=31.4m/s2 =)g+a(
3.2g=

So the value of the upward acceleration

causing consciousness is 3.2g
Thus the blood pressure at the brain will increase
even farther by increasing the downward acceleration (a),
which opposite to what occurs by the upward acceleration

This increase should be controlled and observed,

where at certain value of (a) the blood pressure at the brain
may cause an explosion of the arteries in the brain, which is
so dangerous
:Example 1
• Assume that the fluid in the manometer is mercury
and the height of the fluid in the reference column
is .02 meters higher than the height of the fluid in
the test column. Use 13,534 kilograms per cubic
meter (kg/m^3) for the density of mercury and 9.8
meters per second squared (m/s^2) for the
acceleration of gravity. What is the pressure in the
test column in (Pa).
:Example 2
If the atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg, what is the
gas pressure in the manometer:
(a) If the mercury column is 60 mm higher on the
atmospheric side.
(b) If the mercury column is 50 mm lower on the
atmospheric side.
What can happened when you put an empty test column up side down in a .1
container with mercury?

2. If the column is filled with mercury and quickly sit it up side down in the container
What happen to the body
?in space