Compressibility and Incompressibility

Compressibility: refers to whether its volume can easily be •

.increased or decreased
Gases are highly compressible while liquids are •
.incompressible

If the density of the fluid is constant (ρ = constant) •

everywhere through the flow , it is called
incompressible ,and it is called compressible if the density
.is not fixed
Viscous and Nonviscous
 Viscous and Nonviscous
The viscosity is the frictional forces originated inside the fluids and •
.which is considered as the resistance of flow
.Nonviscous fluid when the frictional forces are neglected •
 Types of Flow
Consider that fluid consists of laminar or layers, so we can• •
.represent each layer by line called a streamline
Streamline describes the flow of the fluid and its direction• •
 Types of Flow
Laminar Flow: the speed of flow is low and the streamlines of flow are •
parallel
 Types of Flow
Turbulent Flow: the speed of flow is high and the •
streamlines intersect each other
 ‫‪Types of Flow‬‬
‫• االختالفات‪ ‬الرئيسية‬
‫• التدفق الصفحي سلس بينما التدفق المضطرب ليس كذلك‪.‬‬
‫• ال تتقاطع جزيئات الموائع في التدفق الصفحي مع بعضها البعض بينما تتقاطع‬
‫جزيئات التدفق المضطرب مع بعضها البعض في تدفق السائل‬
‫• السرعة ثابتة في أي مرحلة من مراحل التدفق الصفحي بينما السرعة من ناحية‬
‫أخرى ليست متساوية في التدفق المضطرب‬
Consider a hose with a decreasing diameter along its •
length, as shown in the figure

Continuity Equation is a direct consequence of the fact that

what goes into the hose must come out
 Q in = Q out

The volume of water flowing through the hose per unit time
or the flow rate (Q) at the left must be equal to the flow rate
at the right, Or in fact anywhere along the hose
The flow rate is measured in the units of volume per unit time, m3/s •
The flow rate at any point in the hose is equal to (the area of the hose at that point) times •
(the speed with which the fluid is moving.) [Q=Av]
Consider a fluid is flowing in a tube as shown in figure above , where the radius of the tube is •
:decreasing , thus a certain point at the tube the fluid flow rate is

:Take A=πr2, so the continuity equation can be rewritten as

This means that the speed of flow increases by decrease of the

.diameter of the tube
:Example
The volume flow rate in a circular pipe with a diameter of 4m is 50 m^3/s. What is the speed of
?water in this pipe
:Example
Water flows through a pipe with a cross-sectional area of 10 cm^2 at 3 m/s. What is the flow speed
?in the pipe if the cross-sectional area in the pipe reduced to 5 cm^2
 :Example
Water flows through a firehose with a diameter 0f 7.5 cm a velocity of 4.0 m/s. Calculate the •
?velocity of the water if the diameter of the nozzle is 2.3 cm
 :Example
Water flows through a circular pipe with a radius of 4 cm at speed of 5m/s. (a) If the radius of the •
pipe increases to 8 cm, what is the new speed? (b) What is the volume flow rate in the pipe? (c)
?Calculate the mass of flow rate
:Example
In an adult, the aortas radius is normally 1.5 cm, and the blood flow with an average speed of
.30cm/s
If the typical capillary has a radius of 5x10^-6 m, and blood passes through them with a velocity of
?0.1cm/s, approximately how many capillaries are in the body
 :Example
The density of alcohol is 790 kg/m^3. Calculate the mass flow rate of alcohol if the volume flow •
?rate is 0.035 m^/s