Lecture 4 : Embedded Systems : Hardware

04/01/2022

DR. ASWATHI R NAIR

Basics of computer architecture
Computers – consists of hardware and software
Major hardware components: CPU, memory, I/O devices
CPU/Microprocessor: carries out instructions, consists of ALU, control unit, registers
System Bus: Interconnects the various components inside a computer
◦ Data bus, address bus, control bus

Microprocessor performs three actions continuously: Fetch, decode and execute!!!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkFi90lZmXA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3q5zWCw8J4
System Clock?

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RISC and CISC architectures
RISC- Reduced Instruction Set Computers
CISC- Complex Instruction Set Computers

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 Harvard Architecture
Data and Instructions/program are stored in separate memory space, and accessed by
separate buses. Typically, instruction will be stored in flash ROM and data in RAM

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Embedded Hardware – where
to start?
Choose an MCU appropriate for the application
All the controllers for the peripherals should be available inside the chip
Sufficient no of I/O pins
Clock frequency should be high enough, but not excessively high

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The internal structure of an MCU

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I/O devices connected to the GPIO pins

A set of pins on which external peripherals are connected and can be programmed as input
or output
Each pin may have more than one function, depending on the choice of the MCU

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When the power is switched on, the processor should be reset.
Internal registers will be cleared and processor gets ready to execute.
Program counter is also cleared.

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