THEORIES OF

ACID BASE
TITRATIONS

Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases

Bronsted and Lowry Theory

Lewis Acid Base Theory

 ARRHENIUS ACIDS AND BASES

HOW DID ARRHENIUS DEFINE AN ACID AND A BASE?

ARRHENIUS SAID THAT ACIDS ARE HYDROGEN-

CONTAINING COMPOUNDS THAT IONIZE TO YIELD
HYDROGEN IONS (H+) IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION.
ARRHENIUS ALSO SAID
THAT BASES ARE COMPOUNDS THAT IONIZE TO YIELD
HYDROXIDE IONS (OH–) IN AQUEOUS
SOLUTION.
ARRHENIUS THEORY OF ACIDS AND BASES:
ACID:
It is a hydrogen containing substance which when dissolved in water or any
aqueous solution produces H+ ions.
Hydrogen donating substance in aqueous solutions.

Strong Acid: HCl(aq) H+ + Cl-(aq) AQUEOUS

Weak Acid: CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO-+H+(aq) SOLUTIONS
ONLY
 Arrhenius Acids
Acids that contain one ionizable hydrogen, such as nitric
acid (HNO3), are called monoprotic acids.

Acids that contain two ionizable hydrogens, such as sulfuric

acid (H2SO4), are called diprotic acids.

Acids that contain three ionizable hydrogens, such as

phosphoric acid (H3PO4) are called triprotic acids.
ARRHENIUS THEORY OF ACIDS AND BASES:
BASE:
It is a hydroxy ion containing substance which when dissolved
in water or any aqueous solution produces OH- ions.
Hydroxy ion donating substance in aqueous solutions.

Strong Base: NaOH (aq) Na+ + OH-

(aq)
Weak Base : NH4OH(aq) NH4++ OH-(aq)
 LIMITATIONS OF ARRHENIUS THEORY
• This theory is applicable only to aqueous solutions.
ex: CO2 is acidic, with no H+ ions.
• It do not explains the nature of the substance which do not contain hydrogens.
ex: CO2 , SO2 , CuSO4 , FeSO4
• It do not explains the basic nature of the substance which do not contain OH group.
ex: NH3, Na2CO3
 BRONSTED AND LOWRY THEORY
1.To overcome the limitations of Arrhenius theory
2.Broader spectrum of acids and bases.
3.Independent of aqueous medium
4.Related only to proton(H+ )
BRØNSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES
WHAT DISTINGUISHES AN ACID FROM A BASE IN THE BRONSTED-LOWRY
THEORY?
ACID:
Acid is a substance which has tendency to donate H+ ions.
HCl(gas) H+ + Cl- (acid)
BASE:
Base is a substance which has tendency to accept H+ ions.
NH3+ H+ NH4+
WHY AMMONIA IS A BASE
 CONJUGATE ACIDS AND BASES
A conjugate acid is the particle formed when a base gains a
hydrogen ion.
A conjugate base is the particle that remains when an acid has
donated a hydrogen ion.
 A conjugate acid-base pair consists of two substances
related by the loss or gain of a single hydrogen ion.
• A SUBSTANCE THAT CAN ACT AS BOTH AN ACID AND A BASE
IS SAID TO BE AMPHOTERIC.
 A WATER MOLECULE THAT GAINS A HYDROGEN ION
BECOMES A POSITIVELY CHARGED HYDRONIUM ION (H3O+).
 LEWIS ACIDS AND BASES
HOW DID LEWIS DEFINE AN ACID AND A BASE?

• LEWIS PROPOSED THAT AN ACID ACCEPTS A

PAIR OF ELECTRONS DURING A REACTION,
WHILE A BASE DONATES A PAIR OF
ELECTRONS.
• A LEWIS ACID IS A SUBSTANCE THAT CAN ACCEPT
A PAIR OF ELECTRONS TO FORM A COVALENT
BOND.

• A LEWIS BASE IS A SUBSTANCE THAT CAN

DONATE A PAIR OF ELECTRONS TO FORM A
COVALENT BOND
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