Numbering Plan

Numbering Plan
National Schemes
• The objective of numbering plan is to uniquely identify
every subscriber connected to telecom network. In the early
stages of development , a numbering scheme was confined
to a single local exchange and exchanges were identified by
the name of the town in which they were located.
• In order to establish a connection through a network , it is
necessary for caller to inform the switching center the
address of the customer being called i.e. the called customer
directory number.
• This determine both the route for a call and charging rate.
In the multi-exchange area linked numbering scheme was
introduced .
 Numbering Plan
• In linked numbering scheme the local numbering scheme
covers a number of exchanges , so a call from any exchange in
the area uses the same number to reach a particular customer .
• The part of directory number is an exchange code and
remaining is customer number in that exchange.
• The subsequent introduction of Direct Distance Dialing (DDD)
or Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) or National Wide Dialing
(NWD) required the development of National Number Plan
(NNP) .
• As per ITU-T maximum 11 digits for international number and
max digits for national number is 11- N , where N is number of
digits in country code in world numbering plan.
• National numbering plan contains:
1. An area code
2. An exchange code
3. Customer’s number in local exchange.
 Numbering Plan
• For a local call ,only the exchange code and the subscriber
number is normally dialed but full national number is needed
for long distance call.
• In order to enable local exchange to differentiate between them
a trunk prefix is dialed before national number. This enable the
call to trunk exchange where a register translates the area code
to determine the required trunk routing.
• An additional prefix following the trunk prefix denotes the
international call and route the call from the trunk exchange to
international gateway exchange.
• The international prefix is followed by international code for
required country.
• In North American numbering plan has uniform numbering
scheme , a 3 digit area code is followed by 3 digit office code
and 4 digit customer number.
 Numbering Plan
International Numbering
• An introduction of International Subscriber Dialing (ISD )
made it necessary for every subscriber station in the world
to have unique number.
• In the ITU-T world numbering plan each subscriber’s
number consists of country code followed by the
subscriber’s national number.
• For numbering purposes the world is divided into zones,
each given a single digit code . Each country within a zone
has zone number as the 1st digit of its country code as
shown in table 10.1 .
• However the European numbering zone has been allocated
two codes because of large number of country codes
required within this code.
• Typical international numbers is shown in table 10.2
 Numbering Plan
Table 10.1 : World Numbering Zones
Zone Countries

1 North America

2 Africa

3&4 Europe

5 South America and Cuba

6 South Pacific (Australia )

7 USSR

8 North Pacific (Eastern Asia )

9 Far East and Middle East.

0 Spare code
 Numbering Plan
Table 10.2 : Examples of Typical International numbers

Zone Country Country No of digits Total digits

code in NNP

1 USA 1 10 11
1 Canada 1 10 11
2 Egypt 20 8 10
2 Liberia 231 6 9
3 France 33 8 10
3 Portugal 351 7 or 8 10 or 11
4 UK 44 8 or 9 10 or 11
4 Switzerland 41 8 10
5 Brazil 55 9 11
5 Ecuador 593 7 10
 Numbering Plan
• Within each zone every country has allocated a single two
digit or three digit code number. For example within zone 3
(Europe) Holland has the code 31 and Albania has 355.
• The three digit code is allocated to small countries , having
fewer digits in their NNP to minimize the total number of
digits in customers international number.
 Numbering Plan

Country Code National Number

1- 3 Digits 9- 11 Digits

12 Digits maximum

(a) International telephone number

Area code Exchange code Line number

(b) National telephone number

 Charging Plan
• The cost of providing a telecommunication network
consist of capital cost and the current operating
expenses. All of these costs must be met from income
obtained by telecom operators from its customers.
• The charges paid by each customer should be related to
the proportion of those costs incurred in providing
services. The charges that are made to customer are
levied in following way:
1. An initial charges for installing of customer’s line.
2. Monthly line rent charges .
3. Call charges.
• The charging plan provide recovering both capital cost
and operating cost from subscribers. The cost of shared
resources like the switching equipment is divided among
a large number of subscribers over a period of time.
 Charging Plan
• The cost of dedicated resources like telephone instrument
and subscriber line must be recovered from individual
customer.
• A subscriber’s share of capital cost of common resources is
generally covered in initial connection charges and rental
component .
• The rental may be levied on a monthly , quarterly, half
yearly or annual basis.
• The part of the operating cost is incurred if network carries
no traffic , so this should be recovered by rental charges.
• Those parts of the capital cost and operating cost which
depend on traffic carried should be recovered from call
charges .
• Some operators do not make separate charge for local call
but include them in rental , this is known as flat rate tariff.
 Charging Plan
• Other charge a unit fee per call or fee proportional to call
duration . This is known as message rate tariff.
• Local call charges are made on local meter basis and STD
calls are charged on the basis of AMA (automatic message
accounting) in which CDR of each call is made.
• The quantity of switching , junction and trunk
transmission equipment provided in the network is based
on the estimated busy hour traffic .A large part of this
hardware remains idle during off-peak hours
• In order to restrict peak demand and encourage off-peak
demand ,it is common to make the metering rate vary with
time of day.
• Because of these relative cost and to restrict peak demands
.it is common to make call charges vary with time of the
day.
 Charging Plan
• A charging plan for long distance calls should satisfy
following criteria :
1. The call revenue should recover the capital and operating
cost , these are entirely traffic dependent.
2. Charges to and from customer who are geographically
close should be made similar to give equal treatment and
to avoid complaint.
3. The charging plan should easily understood by customers.
4. The charging plan should be suitable for implementation
by automatic equipment . It should be compatible with
numbering and routing plan
• The charges of long distance calls should be proportional
to the distance x duration. The charge is based on the
distance between originating and terminating transit
exchanges.
 Charging Plan
• Trunk calls are charged on the basis of duration . In addition charges
also depend upon the radial distance between calling and the called
station
Distance Km Meter pulse rate (pulses per minutes
25 To 50 (zone 2 ) 1.67
50 to 100 (zone 3 ) 5.00

100 to 200(zone 4 ) 7.50

200 to 500 (zone 5 ) 15.00

500 to 1000(zone 6 ) 20.00

More than 1000(zone 7 ) 30.00

• For international calls per minute based charging is made

 ROUTING PLAN
• Routing plan should be developed to determine which
exchange should be interconnected by direct route and
which connection made via tandem exchange .
• Routing plan referred to the procedure that determines
which path in a network are assigned to particular
connections .
• This routing plan should be consistent with numbering,
charging , transmission and signaling.
• If there is large traffic between two exchanges ,it is
economical to provide a direct route between them.
• If there is little traffic between two exchanges , it is more
economic to combine this with traffic to other
destinations to produce a large amount of traffic over a
common route to tandem switching center.
 ROUTING PLAN
• The correct solution depend on cost of circuits as well as
amount of traffic . If circuits are cheap , it is less expensive
for them to lightly loaded route than to incur the cost of
switching equipment in tandem exchange.
• Many direct routes are provided between local exchanges
in small areas with high customers density but not to more
distant exchanges.
• In some networks automatic alternate routing (AAR) is
used. Direct routes are underprovided with circuits, when
all circuits in the direct route are busy , traffic overflow to
tandem route through switching center at higher level in
hierarchy .
• A under provided direct route is called high usage route
and indirect route to which its traffic finally overflows is
called a final route.
 ROUTING PLAN
• Only a small portion of calls use the final routes.
• The traffic level at which direct routes , automatic
alternate routing should be used depend on relative cost of
direct and alternate routing (including switching and
signaling equipment) .
• Low traffic high cost direct route indicate tandem routing
and high traffic low cost direct routes indicate direct
connection.
• Modern networks have SPC exchanges , so their routing
translation can be readily be changed . Using CCS7
enables the routing tables of exchanges to changed
remotely .
 ROUTING PLAN
• The CCS7 networks can links the processors of exchanges
to control from network management centers (NMC).
• NMC can monitor the traffic on all the routes at frequent
to enable its staff to change its routing in order to by pass
failure and congestion.
• The ability to change routing table in exchanges permit
direct routing whereby the preferred choices of routes are
changed from time to time.
 ROUTING PLAN
• The function of tandem exchange is to interconnect those central
offices (local exchanges) within multi-exchange area having low
traffic volume . Tandem exchange also provide alternate routes
for different exchanges.
• To calculate whether a direct route is cheaper than tandem route ,
the cost ratio is defined as :
CR = cost of provision of tandem connection between two centers
Cost of provision of direct circuits between two centers.
• Routing via tandem switch is always more economic if the
cost is less than or equal to 1.
 ROUTING PLAN
AUTOMATIC ALTERNATE ROUTING (AAR)
• In alternate routing , connection should use direct route
(referred to as high usage route) , because direct route
provides better transmission quality and use fewer
network facilities .
• The use of AAR allows exchanges to avoid congestion and
also to avoid link failure within the network.
• The use of this technique improves performance of the
network , this not only cover operational cost but also the
loss of revenue and consequences of not meeting service
obligations to the customers (financial damages).
 ROUTING PLAN
• If all the direct trunks are busy calls are routed via
tandem exchanges or alternate routes maintain suitably
low blocking probability. Thus the networks are designed
to allocate a limited number of trunks in the direct route
and provide alternate route for overflow.
• If high usage route consist of N trunks and offered traffic
is A erlangs , the probability of all trunk busy is given by B
formula .
 ROUTING PLAN
• The traffic carried on high usage AH route is :
AH = A (1-B) (N,A) erlangs
The overflow traffic is :
AO = AB (N,A) erlangs
• Erlang B formula is good representation of traffic on high
usage route ,because blocked calls are diverted to alternate
route and does not reappear.
• The characteristic of traffic of high usage route is shown in
fig 9.4. This figure shows that traffic offered to high usage
route . The traffic carried by high usage routes are shown
in fig 9.4 (b) and depicts that the traffic carried is equal
traffic offered , if it is less than or equal to number of high
usage trunks. If offered traffic is greater than number of
high usage route , over flow occurs as shown in fig 9.4 ( c)
 ROUTING PLAN
• Fig 9.4 (b) shows that if traffic A(t) is offered to high usage group
of N trunks. The traffic carried is A(t) when A(t) ≤ N and is N
when A(t) ≥ N .
• As shown in figure 9.4( c ) , the traffic which overflows to the final
route is zero when A(t)≤ N and is A(t) –N when A(t)≥ N .
• If connection is required between exchange A and Exchange B
and all circuits to the direct route A to B are busy , then exchange
A attempts to route the call via exchange C .
• If there are free circuits from A to C . The attempt will be
unsuccessful if there is congestion on route C to B . Exchange C
signals this information back to A . On receipt of message
exchange A releases the connection A to C and make new
attempt , say over A to D to B.
ROUTING PLAN