Reference: Tally, T. 2002.

Electronic Publishing: Avoiding the output blues, Prentice Hall

 “What makes animations different from static images?”
 An animation contains multiple images, appearing as
separate frames. When Web browser keep showing each
frame for a few seconds you see an Animation onscreen.
 When you view a quick succession of still images, persistence
of vision make you think you see motion/animation movie.
 You have seen the computer animation tools create special
effect movies. “Jurassic Park” was among the 1 st movies to
seamlessly integrate live and computer-generated elements
into movies. Other movies like Monster Inc., Finding Nemo,
and Shark Tale etc.
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 Frame Animation
 Makes objects move by displaying a series of pre-drawn
pictures, called frames, in which the objects appear in
different locations on the screen.
 All animation media have a frame rate, measured in
frames per second, or fps.
 In a movie, a series of frames moves through the film
projector at about 30 frames per second.
 You see movement on the screen because each frame
contains a picture of what the screen should look like at the
moment that frame appears.
 Why 30 frames per second?
Because that is threshold beneath which you would
notice flicker or jerkiness on the screen. 3
 objects move by displaying a
series of pre-drawn pictures,
called frames
the
objects
appear in
different
locations
on the
screen

4
 Morphing
 Morphing means to transition one shape into
another by displaying a series of frames that
creates a smooth movement as the first shape
transforms itself into the other shape. 5
• Refer to morphing
process. Resulting
morph will looks as
if the first face is
growing into shape
of the second face,
and by the time it
has adopted the
shape of the
second face, it has
also faded into the
second face’s
image.

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 2D animation figures are created and/or
edited on the computer using 2D bitmap
graphics or created and edited using 2D
vector graphics.
 This includes automated computerized
versions of traditional animation techniques
such as of tweening, morphing, onion
skinning, interpolated rotoscoping.

Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation 8
 Tweening
 is the process of generating intermediate frames
between two images to give the appearance that
the first image evolves smoothly into the second
image.

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 Onion skinning
 is a technique used in creating animated cartoons and editing
movies to see several frames at once. This way, the animator
or editor can make decisions on how to create or change an
image based on the previous image in the sequence.

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 Interpolated Rotoscoping
 is an animation technique in which animators trace over
live-action film movement, frame by frame, for use in
animated films.
 Originally, pre-recorded live-action film images were
projected onto a frosted glass panel and re-drawn by an
animator.
 This projection equipment is called a rotoscope, although
this device has been replaced by computers in recent years.
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Resource: http://www.layersmagazine.com/imitating-a-scanner-darkly.html

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 3D animation digital models manipulated by an animator.
 In order to manipulate a mesh, it is given a digital skeletal
structure that can be used to control the mesh. This process is
called rigging.
 Various other techniques can be applied, such as mathematical
functions (ex. gravity, particle simulations), simulated fur or
hair, effects such as fire and water
 Many 3D animations are very believable and are commonly used
as Visual effects for recent movies.
 2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation
while 3D techniques usually build virtual worlds in which
characters and objects move and interact. 3D animation can
create images that seem real to the viewer.
Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation 15
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 For sophisticated animation in a published document, use a video-
creation programs such as Adobe AfterEffect to generate
QuickTime or Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) animations.
 Video-quality animation at 30fps is fast enough to show smooth
motion with no flicker.
 To record animated motion, computer animation program provides
a digital video file in a format such as Window’s AVI (*.avi) or
Macintosh/Window QuickTime (*.mov).
 For Web animations there is also the Animated GIF file format
(*.gif).
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 Animated GIF similar with GIF image except that
animated GIF file contains multiple individual GIF
images, which then are displayed in order like a slide
show. Each image includes information about how long
it should play before the next image is shown. The file
also includes information about whether to repeat the
sequence after the last frame is displayed, and if so,
how many times.

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 Revision
1. _______________ is the special technique that uses frames to
create the illusion of one object changing into another.
____________ is its unit measurement.
2. __________ means to transition one shape into another by
displaying a series of frames that creates a smooth movement
as the first shape transforms itself into the other shape.
3. The process of generating intermediate frames between two
images to give the appearance that the first image evolves
smoothly into the second image is called _______.
4. _______________ is a technique used in creating animated
cartoons and editing movies to see several frames at once.

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