CULTURE, LEADERSHIP

AND ORGANIZATIONAL
MANAGEMENT
PROCESSES
NAMA : MUHAMAD RAHMAD BIN ZAKARIA
 
NO. MATRIK : 827023
 
 Culture Theory

Culture -Oxford Languages: it means the customs

and beliefs, art, way of life and social
organization of a particular country or group.
Olivier Serrat - the totality of a society’s
distinctive ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge
One of the branches of anthropology, semiotics,
and other fields of social science
Identifying specific phenomena related to
ideological, national, ethnic, social, and gender
issues.
 Leadership
Oxford Languages- the action of
leading a group of people or an
organization
Tomas, B. Allen (1988) -it means the
"social influence" of a person to gain
other people's support to
accomplish a mutually agreed goal
 Culture and Leadership
Culture study is related to the political
and social
The question is what can be linked
between culture and leadership?
 Culture and Leadership
Culture also play a role in generating the
economy
Not only focused on being passed on to
future generations as an identity
Economic indicator
State Leader - diversifying the country's
income
 Hofstede’s Model
Geert Hofstede’s theory of cultural
dimensions describes the effects of
a society’s culture on the values of
its members, and how these values
relate to behavior, using a structure
derived from factor analysis.
 Hofstede’s Model
early model, there are four
dimensions that has been used and
tested: power distance,
individualism versus collectivism,
masculinity versus femininity and
uncertainty avoidance
 Hofstede’s Model
early model, there are four
dimensions that has been used and
tested: power distance,
individualism versus collectivism,
masculinity versus femininity and
uncertainty avoidance
Power Distance
• the degree to which people accept and
expect that power is distributed
unevenly within a group or society

Individualism Versus Collectivism

• the degree to which taking responsibility
for oneself is more valued than
belonging to a group
Masculinity Versus Femininity
• the degree to which people value
performance and status deriving from
themselves, rather than quality of life and
care for other

Uncertainty Avoidance
• the degree to which people develop a
mechanism to avoid uncertainly. It also
involves how cultures vary in the magnitude
with which people vary in the extent that
they feel anxiety about uncertain or unknown
matters.
 GLOBE Framework
Global Leadership and Organizational
Behavior Effectiveness
 Aproject provides managers with an
additional lens through which they
can better understand how to
perform well in an international
environment.
 GLOBE Framework
To study, expand, replicate and test on
Hofstede’s (1960) work
Survey questionnaires were developed
and collected from more 170
researchers from over 60 countries
who collected data on 17,000
managers from 62 countries around
the world.
UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE

• POWER DISTANCE

FUTURE ORIENTATION (DEGREE TO

WHICH SOCIETY VALUES THE LONG TERM)
• ASSERTIVENESS ORIENTATION (MASCULINITY)
GENDER EGALITARIANISM (FEMININITY)

• INSTITUTIONAL

SOCIETAL COLLECTIVISM (SIMILAR TO

INDIVIDUALISM/COLLECTIVISM).
• PERFORMANCE ORIENTATION (DEGREE TO WHICH
SOCIETIES EMPHASIZE PERFORMANCE AND
ACHIEVEMENT)
HUMANE
ORIENTATION (EXTENT TO
WHICH SOCIETIES PLACES
IMPORTANCE ON FAIRNESS,
ALTRUISM, AND CARING).
 7d Cultural Dimensions Model
Trompenaars Cultural Dimensions
it can help you to work more effectively
with people from different cultures
Most of the time things will go well
when you work with people from other
cultures. But when things don’t, and
misunderstandings arise, Trompenaars
Cultural Dimensions Model can help
 7d Cultural Dimensions Model
A leader can use this model to
understand people from different
cultural backgrounds better, which
will create an enjoy a better working
relationship with them in the same
time prevent misunderstandings
 Bahrain interested in Proton’s X70
 On 16 June 2019, the Minister of Entrepreneur
Development, Datuk Seri Mohd Redzuan Yusof said,
during his recent working visit to Bahrain, that the
country was interested in strengthening bilateral
relations and Proton could benefit from it. In addition to
Bahrain, Proton can also enter the eastern European
market. Redzuan said he had conveyed Bahrain's
interests to Proton Holdings and it was up to the
company to resolve the matter. As entrepreneurs, we
must think about how to take advantage of overseas
markets and take advantage of them.
 Bahrain interested in Proton’s X70

Why just now

Proton can entering
European market?
 Bahrain interested in Proton’s X70
 European country markets are left-hand driven
opposite with Malaysian which is right-hand driven
and also larger European physical patterns
compared to Asians.
 So in case Proton decides to export cars to these
countries, Proton should have a Research and
Development to be compete with current
competitor which is already have stable market,
understanding culture and desire.
 Reference
 Adeoye, B., & Tomei, L. (2014). Effects of information capitalism and globalisation on teching and
learning. Pennsylvania: Information Science Reference.
 Canvas Wayne Edu. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2020, from Canvas Wayne Edu Web site:
https://canvas.wayne.edu/courses/1/modules/items/1879653#:~:text=A%20second%20important
%20cultural%20framework,well%20in%20an%20international%20environment.
 Expert Program Management. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2020, from Expert Program
Management Web site: https://expertprogrammanagement.com/2017/10/trompenaars-cultural-
dimensions/
 Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 8, 2020, from Oxford Learners Dictionaries
Web Site: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/leadership?
q=leadership
 Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2020, from Oxford Learners
Dictionaries Web site: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/culture_1
 Serrat, O. (2017, May 23). Retrieved October 8, 2020, from Springer Link Web site:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-0983-9_7
 The Star. (2019, July 16). Retrieved October 9, 2020, from The Star Web site:
https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2019/07/16/redzuan-bahrain-interested-
in-proton-x70
  Tomas, B, Allen (1988) Does Leadership Make a Difference to Organizational Performance?
ASQ,33,3,388-400