Professional Documents
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Design
What is Design?
Aesthetic
marketability
Ease of
Requirement handling
Safety
Availability of
Creation FUNDS
Economical
Model Available
(Rough idea) material Recyclability
Manufacturing
resources
Machine Material/s
Analysis Force/stress Sizes
Design used
What is the basic knowledge required for
Machine Design?
Mechanical Design
•Mathematics
Mathematics
• Mechanics of Machines
•Engineering
EngineeringMechanics
Mechanics • Mechanics of Materials
• Fluid Mechanics & Thermodynamics
•Strength
Strengthof
ofMaterials
Materials
•Workshop
WorkshopProcesses
Processes
•Engineering
EngineeringDrawing
Drawing
• Computing
Variable loads
• Torsional stresses
Find the simplest arrangement that would give the most efficient motion
that is required.
3. Selection of MATERIALs
Synthesis Select the mechanism that would give the desired motion
and form the basic model with a sketch etc
Material selection
Force
Area
Unknown dimensions
needs to be calculated
Factor of Safety
The load which any member of a machine
carries is called working load, and stress
produced by this load is the working stress.
Obviously, the working stress must be less
than the yield stress, tensile strength or the
ultimate stress.
This working stress is also called the
permissible stress or the allowable stress or
the design stress.
Factor of Safety Contd.
Some reasons for factor of safety include the
inexactness or inaccuracies in the estimation
of stresses and the non-uniformity of some
materials.
Note: Ultimate stress is used for materials e.g. concrete which do not
have a well-defined yield point, or brittle materials which behave in a
linear manner up to failure. Yield stress is used for other materials e.g.
steel with well defined yield stress.
Factor of safety
Effect of Failure
Type of load
Degree of accuracy in force analysis
Material of component
Reliability
Cost
Service conditions
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Design
- a plan or drawing produced to show the look
and function or workings of a
building, garment, or other object before it is
made
- the form, parts, or details of something
according to a plan
Design establishes and defines solutions to and
pertinent structures for problems not solved
before, or new solutions to problems which
have previously been solved in a different way.
ENGINEERING DESIGN
• Engineering design is the method that engineers use to
identify and solve problems.
Imagine
Choose a Possible
solution solutions
Click on a “slice” of the Engineering Design Process cycle to learn more about its parts
Define problem and goal
• Consider:
– What do you want to accomplish?
– What are the requirements?
– Are there any limitations?
– Who is the customer?
Research
• Gather information and investigate existing
technologies related to the problem
• Talk to individuals who share this problem and could
benefit from possible solutions
Best
(2)
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/engineering-design-process/engineering-design-prototypes.shtml
Improve
• Share results and continue
to seek how your team
could make the solution
better.
• Iterate your design to Image taken from:
http://www.rubymarketer.com/improve-search-engine-ranking/
make the product the best
it can be.
– Iterate - to repeat an already
completed task to
incorporate new information (3)
Ulrich K., Eppinger S. 2000. Product Design and Development. 2 nd Edition. Irwin
(3)
McGraw-Hill,
Boston.
Engineering Design Process
Benefits
Decisions made in the design process cost very
little in terms of the overall product cost
but have a major effect on the cost of the
product
Product can be made without defect at a
competitive cost
Quality, cost-competitive products in the
shortest time possible
Innovation vs. Invention
Invention Innovation
A device or process originated A new improvement to an
after study and experiment existing device or process
Invention
Innovations
Image taken from: http://www.novuslight.com/led-market-phasing-in_N239.html
Invention
Innovations
Image taken from: http://lexpower.wordpress.com/2010/07/21/chronological-order-show-me-the-timeline/1000px-bicycle_evolution-en-svg/
Types of Design
Original Design:
•An original, innovative concept to achieve a need
• Successful original designs occur rarely, but when they
do occur they usually disrupt existing markets
e.g. Development of microprocessor
Development of Engine
Types of Design
Adaptive design :
• The design team adapts a known solution to satisfy a
different need
• To produce a novel application
• Relatively common in design
• e.g. User interface adapted to different screen sizes
Types of Design
Redesign :
• Engineering design is employed to improve an
existing design
• The task may be to redesign a component in a
product that is failing in service, or to redesign a
component so as to reduce its cost of manufacturing
• Does not affect working principle of original design
• e.g. Change in shape to reduce stress concentration
Types of Design
•Selection Design : -
•The design task consists of selecting the
components with the needed performance,
quality, and cost from the catalogs of potential
vendors
e.g. Selection of motors, bearings, etc.
Types of Design
• Industrial Design
• This form of design deals with improving the appeal of a
product to the human senses, especially its visual appeal
• Consideration of how the human user can best interface
with the product
• It is a vital aspect of many kinds of design
Product Development Process
Product Development Process
• Idea Generation
This stage involves creating a large pool of ideas
from both internal and external sources using
numerous techniques.
Internal Sources – R & D Dept. (experts with the
sole responsibility to conduct market research
and analysis and generate new ideas), Employees,
etc.
External Sources – Customers, Distributors,
Competitors, Consultants, etc
Product Development Process
• Idea Screening
This stage involves evaluating the pool and drop as many ideas as
possible from consideration.
• The marketing mix strategy and the planned long-term sales and
profit goals.
Product Development Process
• Business Analysis
This step of the new product development process
involves a review and analysis of the sales, costs, and
profit projections for the new product. In simple terms,
this step evaluates the product as a business by reviewing
Costs involved in producing, marketing, and selling.
Projected sales
Projected profits
The analysis is done either by conducting market surveys,
consulting experts, or by analyzing the history of similar
products.
Product Development Process
• Product Development
• Up to this point, the product only existed as a word
description, a drawing, or a prototype. But once the
business analysis clears the product, the work is handed
over to the research and development department for
actual product development.
• It may take days, weeks, or months to develop the final
product as the product goes through a series of testing
phases (alpha testing and beta testing) to validate all the
assumptions and incorporate everything that was promised
during the previous stages.
Product Development Process
• Market Testing
At this stage the product is released in a selected market
segment as a pilot for testing.
This step involves the company to test both the final
product and its entire marketing and branding strategy,
including
Positioning Strategy,
Pricing Strategy,
Communication strategy,
Promotion strategy, and
Distribution strategy.
The product is developed in full scale only after test
marketing shows positive results.
Product Development Process
• Commercialization
• Test marketing provides the management with the information
needed to make the final decision about the product launch. Once
the final decision is made and the product is decided to be
launched in the market, the new product goes into the final stage -
commercialization or introduction, and is finally produced in the
needed quantity.
• This stage involves the highest costs as
Manufacturing units are leased or purchased
Advertising and communication campaigns are executed
Sales promotion and other marketing efforts are executed to develop an
initial demand
Design for Manufacturing
Design for Manufacturing
Design for Manufacturing is the process
of designing parts, components or
products for ease of manufacturing with
an end goal of making a better product
at a lower cost.
This is done by simplifying, optimizing
and refining the product design.
Integration of designing and
manufacturing
Design for Manufacturing
• General Guidelines
1.Minimize total number of parts
- Reduces cost of the product and increases reliability of product
- This can be achieved by combining two or more parts during
design, using snap/ press fit to replace / reduce fasteners
Minimize total number of parts
Design for Manufacturing
2.Minimize variety of parts
- Reduces the manufacturing cost and
inventory, improves quality of parts
Variety
- Variety in product range so that customer requirements can be satisfied e.g. Fridge
volumes
- Variety with colors and shapes
• The type and size of the control devices selected depends upon
the following number of factors, the principle ones are
Types of Controls
1.Hand wheel –
Torque corresponding to tangential force as 300 to 400 N if the rim of the wheel grasped
firmly by both hands.
2. Small Crank –
Can be operated at high speeds with load of the order of 10 to 20 N, maximum speed of
crank 200 rpm, handle length 40 mm and grip diameter 10 mm
Control Elements Design Considerations
3. Round knob –
Be operated by hand.
Diameter – 10 mm to 150 mm max. suitable
Diameter – 50 mm , torque – 25 Nm
4. Joysticks –
It is a lever with two degree of freedom and used to control two independent variable
simultaneously e.g. gear box operating lever of automobile and selector switches.
Control Elements Design Considerations
5. Push buttons –
These are used for controlling two state parameters and can be biased to return to the
un-operated condition when not presses (car horn) or may require second pressure to
release them (T.V. on/off switch).
Layout Design
Sequence of Operations
Functional Grouping
Frequency of use
Ease of Identification
Layout Design
Examples
Working Environment
• Light
Standard codes about light system at work space should be strictly
followed
Intensity, color, brightness, glare, etc should be monitored and
maintained
• Noise
Standard industrial norms should be followed
Noise results in annoyance, hearing loss and less work efficiency
It can be reduced by proper maintenance, isolators and use of silencers
Working Environment
• Temperature
Proper temperature results in enhanced work efficiency
Temperature at work space depends on nature of work
Upper limit = 28 . 2
Zero line
Hole
Different Types of limit
Unilateral Limit: In this
method of presenting the
limits, both the limits of size
are on the same side of the
zero line.
Upper limit of shaft is less than the lower limit of the hole.
2. Interference fit
Upper limit of the hole is less than the lower limit of shaft.
3. Transition fit
Diameter of the largest permissible hole is greater than the diameter of
the smallest shaft.
• Neither loose nor tight like clearance fit and interference fit.
• Tolerance zones of the shaft and the hole will be overlapped between
the interference and clearance fits.
Systems used to Indicate Fits
types of fits
For Shaft
For Hole
Maximum metal limit
(MML) = 44.95 mm
Least metal limit (LML) =
45.05 mm
Geometric Relations
Tolerance Stack
Last Button not
entering in the shirt
slot
Can you read this Drawing?
And…
Benefits
of
GD&T
G e o m et r i ca l t o l e r a n c e s vs
size t o l e r a n c e s
Precision &
Accuracy
Reduced
re wo r k cost
Reduced
Defects
Increased
understanding
60 H7 f8
Tolerance
grade for
Tolerance Shaft
grade for
Hole
Symbolic Representation of Tolerance
Few Definitions
• Zero Line: It is a line along which represents the basic size and
zero (or initial point) for measurement of upper or lower
deviations.
• Shaft and Hole: These terms are used to designate all the
external and internal features of any shape and not necessarily
cylindrical.
Indian Standard System of Limits and Fits
Indian Standard System of Limits and Fits
System of Limits and Fits
The selection of letter freezes one
limit of hole / shaft
Representation of
Tolerance
(how much away from Basic size)
1) Letter Symbol
Basic Size
45 E8/e7
GD&T
Types o f G e o m e t r i c a l t o l e r a n c e s
F o r m To l e r a n c e s
O r i e n t a t i o n To l e r a n c e s
• Parallelism • Angularity
• Perpendicularity
Location t o l er an ces
• Position • Concentricity
• Symmetry • Coaxiality
runo ut tolerances
• Circular r u n o u t • To t a l r u n o u t
Simple Drawing
Problem was
GD&T
Symbols
Symbols
Feature Control Frame
Details o f
To l e r a n c e s
Form
Tol e ra nc e s
Straightness
Straightness tolerance
T h e t o l e r a n c e z o n e , in t h e c o n s i d e r e d p l a n e , is l i m i t e d b y
t w o parallel s t r a i g h t l i n e s a d i s t a n c e a p a r t a n d in t h e
specified d i r e c t i o n o n l y
FLATNESS
flatness tolerance
The e x t r a c t e d ( a c t u a l ) s u r f a c e s h a l l be c on t ai n ed b e t w e e n t w o
parallel p l a n e s DISTANCE T a p a r t .
Ro u n d n e s s
roundness tolerance
The t o l e r a n c e zone, in t h e c o n s i d e r e d c r o s s - s e c t i o n , is l i m i t e d b y
two c o n c e n t r i c c i r c l e s w i t h a d i ff e r e n c e in r a d i i o f t
CYLINDRICITY
cylindricity tolerance
The t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d b y t w o c o a x i a l c y l i n d e r s w i t h a d i f f e r e n c e
in r a d i i o f T
Details o f
To l e r a n c e s
O r i e n t a ti o n
Tol e ra nc e s
PARALLELISM
• Pa ra l l e l i s m t o l e r a n c e o f a line
r e l a t e d t o a d a t u m syste m
Dir e c t i o n
• s p e c i f i eTdh e t o l e r a n c e z o n e i s l i m i t e d b y t w o p a r a l l e l p l a n e s a d i s t a n c e
a p a r t . The pla nes a r e p a r a l l e l t o t h e d a t u m s a n d in t h e
d i r e c ti o n s p e c i fi e d
Prependicularity
P erp en d icu larity t o l e r a n c e o f a line r e l a t e d t o a d a t u m
line
The t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d b y t w o p a r a l l e l p l a n e s a d i s t a n c e a p a r t
and perpendicular t o t h e datum
Angularity
Angularity t o l e r a n c e o f a line r e l a t e d t o a d a t u m line
a ) Line a n d d a t u m l i n e i n t h e s a m e p l a n e :
The t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d b y t w o p a r a l l e l p l a n e s a d i s t a n c e t
apart and inclined a t t h e specified angle t o t h e datum.
Angularity
Angularity t o l e r a n c e o f a line r e l a t e d t o a d a t u m line
b) The t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d b y t w o p a r a l l e l p l a n e s a d i s t a n c e t
apart a n d inclined a t t h e specified a n g l e t o t h e d a t u m . The c o n s i d e r e d
line and
t h e d a t u m l i n e a r e n o t in t h e same p l a n e
Details o f
To l e r a n c e s
L o c a ti o n To l e ra n c e s
Po s i ti o n
Position toler a nce o f a point
The t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d b y a s p h e r e o f d i a m e t e r t i f t h e t o l e r a n c e
v a l u e i s p r e c e d e d b y t h e s y m b o l SØ. T h e c e n t e r o f t h e s p h e r i c a l t o l e r a n c e
z o n e is f i x e d b y t h e o r e t i c a l l y e x a c t dimensions w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e
datums A, B a n d C
Po s i ti o n
Position t o l e r a n c e o f a line
The t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d b y t w o p a r a l l e l p l a n e s a d i s t a n c e t a p a r t
a n d s y m m e t r i c a l l y d i s p o s e d a b o u t t h e c e n t e r line. The c e n t e r l i n e is f i x e d
by t h e o r e t i c a l l y e x a c t d i m e n s i o n s w i t h r e s p e c t t o d a t u m s A a n d B. T h e
t o l e r a n c e i s s p e c i f i e d i n o n e d i r e c t i o n o n l y.
Positio n
Position to le ra nc e o f a
line
Po s i ti o n
Position t o l e r a n c e o f a line
The t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d b y a c y l i n d e r o f d i a m e t e r t i f t h e
tolerance v a l u e i s p r e c e d e d b y t h e s y m b o l Ø. T h e a x i s o f t h e t o l e r a n c e
c y l i n d e r is f i x e d b y t h e o r e t i c a l l y e x a c t dimensions w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e
d a t u m s C, A a n d B
Po s i ti o n
P o s i tio n t o l e r a n c e o f a f l a t s u r f a c e o r a median p l a n e
The t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d b y t w o p a r a l l e l p l a n e s a d i s t a n c e t a p a r t
and symmetrically disposed a b o u t t h e t h e o r e t i c a l l y e x a c t position fixed
by t h e o r e t i c a l l y e x a c t dimensions w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e d a t u m s A a n d B
C o n c e nt r i c i t y
Concentricity tolerance of a point
T h e t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d b y a c i r c l e o f d i a m e t e r t ; t h e t o l e r a n c e
value s h a l l be p r e c e d e d b y t h e symbol . The c e n t e r o f t h e c i r c u l a r
tolerance zone coincides w i t h t h e d a t u m p o i n t
C o a x i a li t y
Coaxiality t o l e r a n c e o f an axis
The t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d b y a c y l i n d e r o f d i a m e t e r t ; t h e
tolerance v a l u e s h a l l be p r e c e d e d b y t h e symbol Ø . The axis o f t h e
cylindrical t o l e r a n c e zone coincides w i t h t h e d a t u m
Sy m m e t r y
Sym metry t o l e r a n c e o f a median
plane
The t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d b y t w o p a r a l l e l p l a n e s a d i s t a n c e t a p a r t ,
s y m m e t r i c a l l y disposed a b o u t t h e median plane, w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e d a t u m .
Details o f
To l e r a n c e s
Runout
To l e ra n c e s
Circular r u n o u t
Circular run-out tolerance —
radial
The t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d w i t h i n a n y c r o s s - s e c t i o n p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o
t h e d a t u m ax is b y t w o c o n c e n t r i c c i r c l e s w i t h a d i ff e r e n c e in r a d i i o f
t, t h e c e n t e r s o f w h i c h coincides w i t h t h e d a t u m
Circular r u n o u t
Circular run-out tolerance —
axial
The t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d t o a n y c y l i n d r i c a l s e c t i o n b y t w o c i r c l e s
w i t h a d i s t a n c e t a p a r t l y i n g in t h e c y l i n d r i c a l section, t h e axi s o f
which coincides w i t h t h e d a t u m
To t a l r u n o u t
To t a l r a d i a l r u n - o u t t o l e r a n c e
The t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d b y t w o c o a x i a l c y l i n d e r s w i t h a d i f f e r e n c e
in r a d i i o f t , t h e a xes o f w h i c h coincide w i t h t h e d a t u m
To t a l r u n o u t
To t a l a x i a l r u n - o u t t o l e r a n c e
T h e t o l e r a n c e z o n e is l i m i t e d b y t w o p a r a l l e l p l a n e s a d i s t a n c e t a p a r t a n d
perpendicular t o t h e datum
How to read GD & T ?
- Location, Form, Profile, Run out or an
Orientation Tolerance
- Value of tolerance
- Bonus tolerance
- Size of feature – MMC to LMC
- Datum s
Thank you