Table Of Contents:-

 What is Network?

 History Of Network

 Components Of Network

 Types Of Network

 Modes Of Network
NETWORKS: What is Network?

A network is a group of two or more computers or other electronic

devices that are interconnected for the purpose of exchanging
data and sharing resources.
What is Network
Network example:

 The Wireless LAN (Wireless Local Area Network, i.e. the Wi-Fi network) in your home
is a good example of a small client-server network. The various devices in your home
are wirelessly connected to the router, which acts as a central node (server) for the
household. The router itself is connected to a much larger network: the Internet.

 Before the advent of modern networks, communication between different computers

and devices was very complicated. Computers were connected using a LAN cable. 
Reason to invent Computer Network:
 The main task of a network is to provide participants with a
single platform for exchanging data and sharing resources.

REAL LIFE EXAMPLE:-

In a typical office, every workstation has
its own computer. Without a network of computers, it would be very
difficult for a team to work on a project since there would be no 
common place to share or store digital documents and information
and team members would not be able to share certain applications.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER NETWORK
Basic Components of a Computer Network
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER NETWORK
Basic Components of a Computer Network

 Server: Servers are computers that runs operating system and hold data that can be
shared over a computer network.
 Client: A client is a computer that is connected to other computers in the network and
can receive data sent by other computers.
 Transmission Media: All computers in a computer network are connected with each
other through a transmission media such as wires, optical fibre cables, coaxial cables
etc.
 Network Interface card: Each system or computer in a computer network must have a
card called network interface card (NIC). The main purpose of NIC is to format the
data, send the data and receive the data at the receiving node.
Basic Components of a Computer Network
BASIC COMPONE
 Hub: Hub acts as a device that connects all the computer in a network to each other.
Any request that comes from a client computer first received by Hub and then hub
transmit this request over a network so that the correct server receives and respond to it.
 Switch: Switch is similar to hub however instead of broadcasting a incoming data request
it uses the physical device address in the incoming request to transfer the request to
correct server computer.
 Router: Router joins multiple computer networks to each other.
For example lets say a company runs 100 computers over a local area network(LAN)
and another company runs another LAN of 150 computers. These both LANs can be
connected with each other through a internet connection which is provided
by the router.
 LAN cable: A wire that is used to connect more than one computers or other
devices such as printers and scanner to each other.
HISTORY OF NETWORKING
 History Of Network
ARPANET:-
 The history of modern computer and device networking goes back to 1969, when ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network)
became the first connected computer network. It implemented the TCP/IP protocol suite, which later became the Internet.
 ARPANET was developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), a subset of the US Department of Defense. 
 ARPANET revolutionized communications by using packet-switching.

ARCNET:-
 ARCNET Stands for Attached Resource Computer NETwork.
 In 1986, Datapoint Corporation developed ARCNET, a communications protocol for local area networks (LANs).
 It was the first widely-available networking system and was used widely in the 1980s for office automation.
 ARCNET speed was limited to 2.5 Mbit/s.

 
 History Of Network
FDDI:-
 FDDI Stands for Fiber Distributed Data Interface.
 The fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) uses optical fiber to convey data
transmission in a LAN.
 it offered speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s.
The Rise of Ethernet:-
 Ethernet was developed in 1973 by Bob Metcalfe at Xerox PARC, and it wasn’t
patented until 1975.
 The open Ethernet standard took another five years, and was standardized in
1983 as IEEE 802.3.
 It started out with speeds of 2.94 Mbit/s and currently its speed is 10 GB/s.
TYPES OF NETWORK
TYPES OF NETWORK
 Personal Aea Network (PAN): A PAN is used for interconnecting devices within a
short range of approximately 10 meters. Examples include Bluetooth technology or
Apple’s Airdrop ad hoc Wi-Fi service.
TYPES OF NETWORK
 Local Area Network (LAN): Local area networks are among the most widespread
networks and are used in households or small and medium-sized companies.
 Local area networks are among the most widespread networks and are used in
households or small and medium-sized companies.
 Examples of Local Area Network (LAN) networking in office. Networking in
school, laboratory and university campus.
TYPES OF NETWORK

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): These types of networks cover cities or

single geographic regions.
  Examples of a MAN are the part of the telephone company network that can
provide a high-speed DSL line to the customer or the cable TV network in a
city.
TYPES OF NETWORK
 Wide Area Network (WAN): A wide area network (also known as WAN), is a
large network of information that is not tied to a single location. WANs can
facilitate communication, the sharing of information and much more between
devices from around the world through a WAN provider. Example of WAN is
nationwide broadband or cellular network in the US.
MODES IN COMPUTER
NETWORK
MODES IN COMPUTER NETWORK

There are 3 Modes of Data Communication

 Simplex: Data travels in one direction (from A to B). ...

 Half-duplex: Data travels in one direction (from A to B) and then the other direction

(from B to A) but not at the same time. ...

 Full-duplex: Data can travel in both directions at the same time.

Network Topologies
Network Topology
The arrangement of a network that comprises nodes and
connecting lines via sender and receiver is referred to as network topology.
OR
Arrangement of devices in network is called network topology.

Types of Network Topology

The various network topologies are:
1. Bus Topology
2. Star Topology
3. Ring Topology
4. Mesh Topology
5. Tree Topology
6. Hybrid Topology
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
1. Bus Topology
Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected
to a single cable. It transmits the data from one end to another in a single direction. No bi-
directional feature is in bus topology. It is a multi-point connection and a non-robust
topology because if the backbone fails the topology crashes
Advantages of Bus Topology
 It is easy to connect a device to the network.
 It is cheaper than other network options.
 The failure of one station does not affect the rest of the network.
 No hubs or switches are required.
 Multiple nodes can be installed without difficulty.
Disadvantages of Bus topology
 Additional devices slow the network down.
 Size limitations are always present.
 Security options are limited with bus topology.
 Maintenance costs are higher.
 A break in the backbone can cause an entire network to collapse.
 The quality of the data is placed at-risk on large bus topology setups.
Applications
 Small workgroup local area networks (LANs) whose computers are connected using a
cable.
 Trunk cables connecting hubs or switches of departmental LANs to form a larger LAN.
 Any device connected to another device (by wire) like computer to keyboard, printer
and mobile etc. As they share data instead of communication.
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

2. Star Topology

Star topology is a network topology in which each network component is physically connected to a
central node such as a router, hub or switch. In a star topology, the central hub acts like a server and the
connecting nodes act like clients.
Advantages of Star Topology
 It is very reliable – if one cable or device fails then all the others will still work.
 It is high-performing as no data collisions can occur.
 Less expensive because each device only needs one I/O port and wishes to be connected with
hub with one link.
 Easier to install new devices.
 Robust (strong/secure) in nature (as in intelligent hub, it uses IP address).
 Easy fault detection because the link are often easily identified.
Disadvantages of Star Topology
 Requires more cable than a linear bus.
 If the connecting network device (network switch) fails, nodes attached are disabled and can’t
participate in network communication.
 If hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without hub.
 Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it’s the central system of star.
 Extra hardware is required (hubs or switches) which adds to cost
 The cost of installation is high.
Applications
 It is used in LAN in which all nodes are individually connected to a central connection.
 It is used in large organizations, such as educational establishments and businesses, where high
performance is a must.
 These are also used in home networks especially those that are wireless (wifi etc).
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Ring Topology
 In this topology, it forms a ring connecting devices with its exactly two
neighboring devices.
 A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with a large number of
nodes, because if someone wants to send some data to the last node in the
ring topology with 100 nodes, then the data will have to pass through 99
nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used
in the network.
Advantages of Ring topology
 In this data flows in one direction which reduces the chance of packet
collisions.
 In this topology additional workstations can be added after without impacting
performance of the network.
 There is no need of server to control the connectivity among the nodes in the
topology.
 It is cheap to install and expand.
 Easy to troubleshoot the ring.
 Speed to transfer the data is very high in this type of topology.
Disadvantages of Ring Topology
 If one workstation shuts down, it affects whole network or if a node goes down
entire network goes down.
 It is slower in performance as compared to the bus topology.
 Less secure and dependence in one cable.
Applications
 It is used in small offices with only few nodes.
 It is used in schools for networking.