UNIT V

DATA COMMUNICATION

Prepared by
B.R.S.REDDY
Lecturer/ ECE
NIT
Introduction
Terminologies of Data communication
Data- Information that has been processed, organized
and stored.
Data communication-transmission, reception &
processing of digital information.
Network/ nodes/ stations- set of devices interconnected
by media links
Simple- two computers or a computer with a printer
Complex- one or more main frame computers with a
thousand remote terminals.
What is Data Communications?
Exchange of digital information between two digital devices
is data communication
History of Data Communication
• 1838: Samuel Morse & Alfred Veil Invent Morse Code
Telegraph System
• 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invented Telephone
• 1910:Howard Krum developed Start/Stop Synchronisation
• 1930: Development of ASCII Transmission Code
• 1945: Allied Governments develop the First Large
Computer
• 1950: IBM releases its first computer IBM 710
• 1960: IBM releases the First Commercial Computer IBM
360
Standard Organization for Data Communication
International Standards Organization(ISO)

International Telecommunications Union-

Telecommunication Sector(ITU-T)

American National Standard Institute(ANSI)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)

Electronics Industry Association(EIA)

Data Communication Circuit
• Simplified block diagram of data communication network
Data Transmission
• Data Transmission means movement of the bits over a
transmission medium connecting two devices
• Two types of Data Transmission are:
Parallel Transmission
Serial Transmission
Parallel Transmission
In this all the bits of a byte are transmitted simultaneously on
separate wires.
Practically, if two devices are close to each other e.g. Computer to
Printer, Communication within the Computer
High speed but complex circuit
Serial Transmission
• Bits are transmitted one after the other
• Usually the Least Significant Bit (LSB) is transmitted first
• Suitable for Transmission over Long distance
• Less speed but simple circuit
Data Communication circuit arrangements
Circuit Configuration:
Two point configuration

Multipoint configuration
Transmission Modes
• Simplex
• signals transmitted in one direction
• eg. Television

• Half duplex
• both stations transmit, but only one at a time
• eg. police radio

• Full duplex
• simultaneous transmissions
• eg. telephone
Network topologies
• It describes the layout or appearance of a network
• A multi point topology connects 3 or more stations through
a single transmission medium
Eg:
star, bus, ring, mesh & hybrid
 Simple and low-cost
Bus topology- A single cable called a trunk (backbone,
segment)

Coaxial
cable

BNC T-Connector
 Each computer has a cable connected to a single point

Star topology- More cabling, hence higher cost

All signals transmission through the hub; if down, entire
network down
Ring topology
Every computer serves as a repeater to boost signals
Disadvantages
• If one computer fails, whole network fails
Mesh topology
• Each and every node of the network is interconnected
Hybrid topology
• Combination of two or more topologies
Data Communication Codes
These are prescribed bit sequence used for encoding
characters and symbols
Often called as character sets, character codes, symbol
codes, character languages
Types of characters used in data communication:
1) Data link control:
For orderly flow of data from source to destination
2) Graphic control:
Presentation of data at the receivers
3) Alpha/numeric characters:
Various alphabets, numbers, etc.
CHARACTER CODES
• Various character codes have been used in data
communication including:
• Morse, Baudot
• EBCDIC, ASCII
• Unicode
• Bar code
• Regardless of the character code, both the terminal/ host
or sender/receiver must recognize the same coding
scheme
MORSE CODE
BAUDOT CODE
• One of first codes developed for machine to machine
communication
• Uses 1’s and 0’s instead of dots and dashes
• For transmitting telex messages (punch tape)
• Fixed character length (5-bits)
• 32 different codes
• increased capacity by using two codes for shifting
• 11111 (32) Shift to Lower (letters)
• 11011 (27) Shift to Upper (digits, punctuation)
• 4 special codes for SP, CR, LF & blank
• Total = 26 + 26 + 4 = 56 different characters
BAUDOT CODE (cont.)
• Problems:
• required shift code to switch between character sets
• no lower case, few special characters
• no error detection mechanism
• characters not ordered by binary value
• designed for transmitting data, not for data processing
• International Baudot
• Added a 6th bit for parity
• Used to detect errors within a single character
BAUDOT CODE
EBCDIC
• Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
• 8-bit character code developed by IBM
• used for data communication, processing and storage
• extended earlier proprietary 6-bit BCD code
• designed for backward compatibility or marketing?
• still in use today on some mainframes and legacy systems.
• Allows for 256 different character representations (28)
• includes upper and lower case
• lots of special characters (non-printable)
• lots of blank (non-used codes)
• assigned to international characters in various versions
• used with/without parity (block transmissions)
EBCDIC CODE
ASCII CODE
• American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• 7-bit code developed by the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
• most popular data communication character code today
• Allows for 128 different character representations (27)
• includes upper and lower case
• lots of special characters (non-printable)
• generally used with an added parity bit
• better binary ordering of characters than EBCDIC
• Extended ASCII uses 8 data bits and no parity
• Used for processing and storage of data
• Allows for international characters
• 8th bit stripped of for transmission of standard character set
7-BIT ASCII CODE
SUMMARY OF CHARACTER CODES

Morse = .-
Baudot = 5 bit (no parity)
Int. Baudot = 6 bsit (5 data + 1 parity)
ASCII = 8 bit (7 data + 1 parity)
EBCDIC = 9 bit (8 data + 1 parity)
UNICODE = 16 bits (no parity)

• Normally terminals and hosts must use the same code

• However, code conversion hardware/software can be used to allow
different machines to communicate
Error control
• What is error?
• Types of error:
• Single bit error
• Burst error

Methods : 1) error detection

2) error correction
Error detection:
i. redundancy
ii. parity
iii. checksum
iv. longitudinal and horizontal redundancy check
v. Cyclic redundancy check(CRC)
Error Correction
1. Retransmission
 resending of message when it is received incorrectly
 often called as ARQ- Automatic Repeat reQuest for
retransmission
 positive and negative acknowledgment

2. Forward error correction(FEC)

only technique which detects and corrects errors at the
receiver without the need for retransmission

Eg : Hamming code
Hamming code
Number of redundancy bits needed
• Let data bits = m
• Redundancy bits = n
Total message sent = m+r
The value of n must satisfy the following relation:
2n ≥ m+n+1
??????
 Data Communication Hardware
• A multipoint data communication circuit block diagram

Host

Secondary or remote
Line control unit(LCU)
@ primary:
Directs traffic to and from many circuits(which have
different characteristics)

@ secondary:
Directs traffic between one data link and other few
devices(all of similar char)

LCU with a software is called as front end processor(FEP)

Usually LCU of primary is an FEP

• LCU operates only on digital data

• Most of the functions of LCU are performed by single IC

called as UART/USRT

• UART- Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter

• USRT- Universal synchronous receiver/transmitter

• INTEL’s USART 8251

• Motorola’s UART – asynchronous communication interface
adapter(ACIA)
UART- Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter
Asynchronous- no clocking information is transferred
between DTE and DCE
Primary functions of UART:
 To perform serial to parallel and vice-versa
 To perform error detection(parity bits)
 To insert and detect start/stop bits
Hardware consists of 2 sections:
 Transmitter
 receiver
UART TRANSMITTER
Control word
To indicate no of bits, nature of parity, and the no of stop
bits
 Timing diagram of UART
• TBMT-Transmit Buffer Empty
• TD-Transmit Data
• TDS-Transmit Data Strobe
• TEOC-Transmit End of Char
• TSO-Transmit serial out
Receiver of UART
Timing diagram of UART Receiver

• RSI-receive serial input

• RDA-receive data available
• RPE- receive parity error
• SWE- status word enable
• RDE-receive data enable
• RDAR-receive data available
reset
USRT- Universal synchronous receiver/transmitter
Synchronous- clocking information is transferred between
DTE and DCE

Primary functions of UART:

 To perform serial to parallel and vice-versa

 To perform error detection(parity bits)

 To insert and detect SYN characters(difference between USRT&

UART)
Transceiver of USRT
Interfaces
Serial Interface
Serial communication is the most
simplistic form of communication between two devices.
RS-232 is a standard by which two serial devices
communicate
• The connection must be no longer than 50 feet.
• Transmission voltages are –15V and +15V.
• It is designed around transmission of characters (of 7 bits of
length).
• Defines a 25 wire cable with a DB 25S/9S connector.
• Data rate of up-to 20kbps for a distance of 50ft
• driver, terminator, noise margin
RS 232 Pin functions- data pins
Control pins
Timing pins
Miscellaneous
Parallel interface
• Transfers data between two devices eight or more bits at
a time.
• Also referred to as serial by word transmission
• advantage: faster transmission
• Disadvantage: higher cost for transmission
• Eg: Centronics parallel interface, IEEE 488 bus
Interface btw computer & printer
 An interface that accepted data in same format used internally by
most computers (8 bit parallel using TTL logic)
 Comes with a 36 pin Amphenol connector (Champ connector)
 Pins are classified as data, control and status
 Data lines: Pins 2 to 9 are eight bit parallel data bus.
 Control lines: 4 control signals are used
 STB: active low, edge triggered, o/p from computer & tells printer to
accept data from data lines
 AF: autofeed, active low,tells printer whether to perform line feed
after it receives a carriage return character from computer
 PRIME: also called initialize, active low, o/p from computer, clears
the printer’s memory, usually used to abort printing action suddenly
 SLCTIN: select line, not mostly used, usually it is grounded
Status line: unidirectional, and transmission from printer
to computer
 ACK: acknowledge, active low, response to STB line
 Busy: active high, and goes high anytime printer is busy
When printer is busy?
1. when printer is accepting data from computer
2. when printer is printing
3. when printer is switched off or offline
4. when printer’s ERROR line is low
 PO: paper out, active high
 SLCT: select, active high, indicates whether printer is selected or
not.
Data Modems
Need for modem
To interface computers, computer networks, and other digital
terminal equipment with analog communication lines and radio
channel
What is modem
modulator and demodulator
Modem @ transmitter:
 Digital signals modulate an analog carrier
Modem @ receiver:
 Analog signals are demodulated and converted to digital signals

Also called as DCE, data set, dataphone.

Types of modems
Broad classification can be made as:
Synchronous modems:
 Clocking information is recovered at the receiver
 Use PSK or QAM modulation technique
 Used for mostly medium and high speed applications(up to
57.6kbps)

Asynchronous modems:
 No clocking information is sent
 Mostly use ASK/ FSK
 Restricted to use for low speed applications(< 2.4 kbps)
Asynchronous modems
• Example of asynchronous modems are
Bell Systems 202 T/S modems, uses FSK
• 202 T- full duplex, four wire operation
• 202 S- half duplex, two wire operation
• 202T modems use 1700Hz carrier
• Another modem standard is Bell Systems 103 modems, has
full duplex over a two wire line at a rate of 300bps
• Has 2 data channels,(low band/ high band) with each mark &
space frequency
• Low band channel- originate channel
• High band channel-answer channel
• Circuit which originates the call has to transmit on low band
and the receiver has to respond on the high band channel
Synchronous modems
• Used for medium and high speed modems
• For medium speed:
• QPSK for 2.4Kbps(eg: Bell Systems 201C)
• 8-PSK for 4.8 Kbps(eg: Bell Systems208A)
• Both are full duplex, 4 wire systems
• For high speed:
• 16-QAM for a 9.6Kbps(eg: Bell Systems 209A)
• Full duplex, four wire transmission
• Sometimes asynchronous data format is used in a
synchronous modem, this is referred to as isochronous
transmission
Additional requirements for synchronous modems
Since the medium and high speed modems are
synchronous, these modems contain the following
additional hardware:
clock recovery

scramblers and descrambler circuit

equalizers
Modem control
• Initial modems- dumb modems
• Basic function include only modulation and demodulation
• Intelligent modems- smart modems
• Consists of mostly microprocessor which performs routine function
• Smart modems are controlled by a set of system
commands.
• Most widely used are AT command set or Hayes
command set
• Has two modes of operation:
• AT command mode
• AT on-line mode
AT command mode
• When a modem is not communicating with any other
modem, then it is command mode
• All commands begin with ASCII character AT(attention)

• AT online mode:
• Once communication begins, modem is said to be in
online mode
• In this, modem accepts information and allows them to
modulate its carrier before transmission
• To switch from online to command mode, DTE transmits
consecutive three plus sign(+++). This sequence is called
as escape code.
Any doubts????????????