Advanced Mathematics

Feng Yan

03/20/2022 NUIST 1
 Chapter 2 Plane Analytic
Geometry
1. Plane vector and its operation

2. Straight line

3. Quadratic curve

03/20/2022 NUIST 2
 1.4 Inner product of vector
1. Inner product of vector
There are two non-zero vectors a, b, we call the
|a||b | cos  the inner product of a, b and denotes
a  b.
a  b | a||b | cos 

, in which is the angle between a, b, |a|  cos  is

the projection from ainto b ,|b|  cos  is the
projection from b into a .
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 1.4 Inner product of vector
The angle between a, bmeans the angle between
a, b
when put their starting points
a, btogether.
0    180
So the range of angle between A is .
  0
A
O B A
O B
 
  180 
B
B O A O

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 1.4 Inner product of vector
OB1 | b |  cos  is the projection from b into a,
solid line is positive value, dotted line is
negative value.
B

B
B
b
 b


b


O A O A OB1 A
a B1 B1 a a

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 1.4 Inner product of vector
To be noted: Projection is a number, the value of
projection can be positive or negative, even 0.
Projection is positive as  is an acute angle, is
negative as  is an obtuse angle, is 0 as  is a
right angle.

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 1.4 Inner product of vector
2. Properties of inner product
a b  b  a
 ( a  b )  (  a )  b  a  ( b )
( a  b)  c  a  c  b  c

Suppose a, b are two non-zero vectors, then

1.a  b  a  b  0
2.a  b, a  a | a |2 or | a | a a
a b
3.cos   
| a || b |
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 1.4 Inner product of vector
Example.a, b are two non-zero vectors,
(a  3b)  (7 a  5b), ( a  4b)  (7 a  2b), try to
determine the angle between a, b.
Solution.
( a  3b)  (7 a  5b)  0  7 | a |2 16a  b  15 | b |2  0(1)
( a  4b)  (7 a  2b)  0  7 | a |2 30 a  b  8 | b |2  0(2)
 (1)  (2), 2a  b | b |2
put into (1) or (2),| a |2 | b |2 .
a b | b |2 1
cos        60 

| a || b | 2 | b |2 2
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 1.4 Inner product of vector
3. Coordinate expression of inner product

a  ( x1 , y1 ), b  ( x2 , y2 )  a  b  x1 x2  y1 y2

03/20/2022 NUIST 9
 1.4 Inner product of vector
4. Coordinate expression of length, angle and
verticality.
1) a  ( x, y ) | a | x 2  y 2 , so if we know
A( x1 , y1 ), B ( x2 , y2 ), the distance is


| AB | ( x1  x2 ) 2  ( y1  y2 ) 2 ;
a b x1 x2  y1 y2
2) cos   
| a || b | 2
x1  y1 2
x2  y2 2 2

3) a  b  a  b  0, So the necessary and

sufficient condition of vectors perpendicular is
a  b  x1 x2  y1 y2  0.
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 1.4 Inner product of vector

 

Example. In ABC,AB  (2, 4), AC  (1, x),an
internal angle is the right angle, try to get x.
Solution.

 
 

BC  AC  AB  (1  2, x  4)  (1, x  4)
  1
when A is a right angle, AB  AC  0  2 *1  4x  0  x 
2
  9
when B is a right angle, AB  BC  0  2 * 1  4( x  4)  0  x  
  2
when C is a right angle, AC  BC  0  (1, x )  ( 1, x  4)  0  x  2  5

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 1.4 Inner product of vector
Exercises ТУПОЙ НИКОМУ НЕ НУЖНЫЙ
ПРЕДМЕТ
1. | a | 1,| b | 4, a  b  4, try to get | a  b |,| a  b | and cos  .
Solution:

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2. Two non-collinear vectorsa, b,| a | 3,| b | 2, (a  b)  (a  2b)
, try to get cos  .
Solution: (a  b)(a  2b)  0
2 2
a  a b  2 b  0
a b  1
 a  b  a b cos   1
1
 cos  
6

03/20/2022 NUIST 13
 1.4 Inner product of vector
3. i and j are unit vectors that perpendicular each
other, a  (m  1)i  3 j, b  i  (m  1) j,(a  b)  (a  b) , try to
determine m.
Solution: a  b  (m  2)i  (m  4) j,
a  b  mi  (m  2) j ,
(a  b)(a  b)  (m  2)i  (m  4) j mi  (m  2) j 
 (m  2)m  (m  4)(m  2)  0
m  2.
note : i  j  0, i 2  j 2  1
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