• Unlike prose which has a narrator, poetry

has a speaker.
– A speaker, or voice, talks to the reader. The
speaker is not necessarily the poet. It can
also be a fictional person, an animal or even
a thing.
Example

But believe me, son.

I want to be what I used to be
when I was like you.

(from“Once Upon a Time” by Gabriel Okara)

SPEAKER:
a father
• Poetry is also formatted differently from prose.
– A line is a word or row of words that may or
may not form a complete sentence.
– A stanza is a group of lines forming a unit.
The stanzas in a poem are separated by a
space.
Example

Open it.

Go ahead, it won’t bite.

Well…maybe a little.

(from “The First Book” by Rita

Dove)
SOUND DEVICES
• techniques used to bring out the
musical qualities of poetry
 The repetition of
sounds
Example: hat, cat, fat, mat, sat
My Beard
by Shel Silverstein
My beard grows to my toes,
I never wears no clothes,
I wraps my hair
Around my bare,
And down the road I goes.
1. Internal rhyme occurs within
a line of poetry.
 Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe

For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams

Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side
Of my darling, my darling, my life and my bride,
In the sepulchre there by the sea,
In her tomb by the sounding sea.
2. End rhyme occurs at the end of lines.

❖Rhyme scheme is the pattern of end

rhymes that may be designated by
assigning a different letter of the alphabet
to each new rhyme
 Examples:
“All mine!" Yertle cried. "Oh, the things I now rule! A
I'm king of a cow! And I'm king of a mule! A
I'm king of a house! And what's more, beyond that, B
I'm king of a blueberry bush and cat! B
I'm Yertle the Turtle! Oh, marvelous me! C
For I am the ruler of all that I see!” C

(from “Yertle the Turtle” by Dr. Seuss)

 “Penelope” by Dorothy Parker
In the pathway of the sun, A
In the footsteps of the breeze, B
Where the world and sky are one, A
He shall ride the silver seas, B
He shall cut the glittering wave. C
I shall sit at home, and rock; D
Rise, to heed a neighbor’s knock; D
Brew my tea, and snip my thread; E
Bleach the linen for my bed. E
They will call him brave. C
 Words that spell out
sounds; words that
sound like what they
mean.
Examples: growl, hiss, pop, boom, crack,
ptthhhbbb.
Let’s see
Noise Day
what this by Shel Silverstein
looks like in Let’s have one day for girls and boyses
Onomatopoe
a poem
ia we When you can make the grandest noises.
are not so Screech, scream, holler, and yell –
familiar with Buzz a buzzer, clang a bell,

yet. Sneeze – hiccup – whistle – shout,

Laugh until your lungs wear out,

Several other Toot a whistle, kick a can,

words not Bang a spoon against a pan,
highlighted Sing, yodel, bellow, hum,
could also be Blow a horn, beat a drum,
considered as Rattle a window, slam a door,
onomatopoeia.
Scrape a rake across the floor . . ..
Can you find
any?
 The repetition of the
initial CONSONANT
letter or sound in two
or more words in a
line.
To the lay-person, these are called “tongue-twisters”.
Example: How much dew would a dewdrop drop if a
dewdrop did drop dew?
 Alliteration
Let’s see

Alliteration
what this
looks like in She Walks in Beauty
a poem we I.
She walks in beauty, like the night
are familiar Of cloudless climes and starry skies;
And all that’s best of dark and bright
with. Meet in her aspect and her eyes:
Thus mellowed to that tender light
Which Heaven to gaudy day denies.

Alliteration
These examples use the
beginning sounds of words only
twice in a line, but by definition,
that’s all you need.
 The repetition of middle
VOWEL letter or sound in
two or more words in a
line.
Example: rise high in the bright sky
 Assonance
Let’s see
what this
looks like in
a poem by The Bells ~ Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Hear the mellow wedding bells, 

Golden bells! 
Poe. What a world of happiness their harmony foretells! 
Through the balmy air of night 
How they ring out their delight! 
From the molten-golden notes, 
an ce And an in tune, 
on What a liquid ditty floats
Ass

Assonance
 The repetition of internal
or ending consonant
sounds of words close
together in poetry
 Examples:
Shelley sells shells by the seashore.
Toss the glass boss.
I dropped the locket in the thick mud.
Let’s see
what this
looks like in
a poem by
If you are a dreamer, come in
Emily
If you are a dreamer, a wisher, a liar,
Dickinson A hope-er, a pray-er, a magic bean buyer…
If you are a pretender, come sit by my fire
For we have some flax-golden tales to spin.
Come in! Come in!

(Invitation by Shell Silverstein)

Using words to create a picture in the reader’s mind.

Applies to the senses – sight,

sound, touch, taste, or smell.
Some images appeal to more
than one sense.
 Daffodils
by William Wordsworth

A host, of golden daffodils;

Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the Milky Way

Sensory Image: Sight

A figure of speech is a word or
expression that is not meant to be
read literally.
 Using the same key word or
phrase throughout a poem.

This should be fairly

self-explanatory,
but . . .
at risk of sounding
like a broken
record . . .
 Valued Treasue
by Chris R. Carey
Time to spend; Time will eventually
time to mend. show us the truth.
Time to hate; Time is a mystery;
time to wait. time is a measure.
Time is the essence; Time for us is
time is the key. valued treasure.
Time will tell us Time to spend;
what we will be. time to mend.
Time is the enemy; Time to cry . . .
time is the proof. Time to die.
So, which is the repeated key word
or phrase?
 Valued Treasue
by Chris R. Carey
Time to spend; Time will eventually
time to mend. show us the truth.
Time to hate; Time is a mystery;
time to wait. time is a measure.
Time is the essence; Time for us is
time is the key. valued treasure.
Time will tell us Time to spend;
what we will be. time to mend.
Time is the enemy; Time to cry . . .
time is the proof. Time to die.
So, which is the repeated key word
or phrase?

Fairly obvious, huh?

 The repetition of one or more
phrases or lines at the end of a
stanza.
It can also be an entire
stanza that is repeated
periodically throughout
a poem, kind of like a
chorus of a song.
 Phenomenal Woman
Pretty women wonder where my secret lies. by Maya Angelou
I’m not cute or built to suit a fashion model’s
size
But when I start to tell them,
They think I’m telling lies.
I say,
It’s in the reach of my arms,
The span of my hips,
The stride of my step,
The curl of my lips.
I’m a woman
Phenomenally.
Phenomenal woman,
Remember this
That’s me.
 Men themselves have wondered
I walk into a room
What they see in me.
Just as cool as you please,
They try so much
And to a man,
But they can’t touch
The fellows stand or
My inner mystery.
Fall down on their knees.
When I try to show them,
Then they swarm around me,
They say they still can’t see.
A hive of honey bees.
I say,
I say,
It’s in the arch of my back,
It’s the fire in my eyes,
The sun of my smile,
And the flash of my teeth,
...
The swing of my waist,
The grace of my style.
And the joy in my feet.
I’m a woman
I’m a woman
Phenomenally.
Phenomenally.
Phenomenal woman,
Phenomenal woman,
Look That’s me. That is
That’s me.
familiar? refrain.
 A comparison between two usually unrelated things
using the word “like” or “as”.

Examples:
Joe is as hungry as a bear.
In the morning, Rae is like an angry lion.
LET’S SEE
WHAT THIS Ars Poetica

Simile
LOOKS By Archibald MacLeish
LIKE IN A

Simile
A poem should be palpable
POEM WE and mute as a globed fruit,
HAVE Silent as the sleeve-worn
NEVER stone
SEEN Of casement ledges where the

Simile
BEFORE IN
moss has grown—
OUR LIVES
A poem should be wordless
As the flight of birds.
 An implied comparison between two usually unrelated
things.

Examples:
Lenny is a snake.
Ginny is a mouse when it comes to standing up for herself.

The difference between

a simile and a metaphor is
that a simile requires either
“like” or “as” to be included
in the comparison, and a
metaphor requires that
neither be used.
WHEN IT COMES TO USING A METAPHOR DEVICE IN
POETRY, A POET CAN EITHER MAKE THE ENTIRE
POEM A METAPHOR FOR SOMETHING, OR PUT
LITTLE METAPHORS THROUGHOUT THE POEM.

The following poem is one big metaphor.

I am a riddle in nine syllables,
Metaphors
An elephant, a ponderous
house,by Sylvia Plath
A melon on two tendrils.
O red fruit, ivory, fine timbers!
This loaf’s big with its yeasty
rising.
Money’s new-minted in this
fat purse.
I’m a means, a stage, a cow
in call.
I’ve eaten a bag of green
 An exaggeration for the sake of
emphasis.

Examples:
I may sweat to death.
The blood bank needs a river of blood.
 Appetite
In a house the size of a postage stamp
lived a man as big as a barge.
His mouth could drink the entire river
You could say it was rather large
For dinner he would eat a trillion beans
And a silo full of grain,
Washed it down with a tanker of milk
As if he were a drain.
 Giving human characteristics to inanimate objects,
ideas, or animals.

Example:
The sun stretched its lazy
fingers over the valley.
 Rain At Last
The wheat stalks danced in the wind
As the corn husks they all bowed in kind
Nature’s children showered in rain
A more happy lot you could not find
It had been a dry summer
Somewhat of a bummer
The farmer he could plainly see
Without any rain
There was not much grain
And less bread for you and for me!
 A reference to another piece of
Example: “I was
literature
surprised his or
noseto history.
was not growing like
Pinocchio’s.”
This refers to the story of Pinocchio, where his nose grew whenever he told a
lie.

* The three most common types of allusion

refer to
mythology, the Bible, and Shakespeare’s
writings.
 The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
by T.S. Eliot

"Would it have been worth while,

To have bitten off the matter with a smile,
To have squeezed the universe into a ball
To roll it toward some overwhelming question,
To say: 'I am Lazarus, come from the dead,
Come back to tell you all, I shall tell you all'--
If one, settling a pillow by her head,
Should say: 'That is not what I meant at all;
That is not it, at all. “
 A word or image that signifies something other than what is
literally represented.

Examples:
Dark or black images in poems are often used to
symbolize death.
Light or white images are often used to symbolize life.
 AS YOU LIKE IT
BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
“All the world’s a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
they have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,”

* The above lines are symbolic of the fact that men and
women, in the course of their life perform different
roles. “A stage” here symbolizes the world and
“players” is a symbol for human beings.
Using words to create a picture in the reader’s mind.

Applies to the senses – sight,

sound, touch, taste, or smell.
Some images appeal to more
than one sense.
 Daffodils
by William Wordsworth

A host, of golden daffodils;

Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the Milky Way

Sensory Image: Sight

 - the emotional and imaginative
association surrounding a word.

- the strict dictionary meaning of a word.

Example:You may live in a house, but we live in a home.

When we explore the connotation and
denotation of a poem, we are looking at
the poet’s diction.

– the choice of words by an author or

poet.

* Many times, a poet’s diction can help

unlock the tone or mood of the poem.
Although many times we use the words mood and tone
interchangeably, they do not necessarily mean the same
thing.

– the feeling or atmosphere that a poet creates within a

reader
- Mood can suggest an emotion (ex. “excited”) or the
quality of a setting (ex. “calm”, “somber”) .
- In a poem, mood can be established through word
choice, line length, rhythm, etc.
-the speaker's or narrator's attitude towards the
subject
- Tone can be serious, sarcastic, humorous, etc.
 The Raven
by Edgar Allan Poe

Deep into the darkness peering, long I stood

there, wondering, fearing,
Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever
dared to dream before;

Mood: melancholia, sadness

Tone: serious
1. Narrative poetry is a poem that tells a story.
• Two of the major examples of narrative poetry
include:
– Ballads – a song or poem that tells a story. Folk
ballads, which typically tell of an exciting or dramatic
event, were composed by an anonymous singer or
author and passed on by word of mouth for generations
before written down. Literary ballads are written in
imitation of folk ballads, but usually given an author.

– Epics – a long narrative poem on a great and serious

subject that is centered on the actions of a heroic figure
Example:

Typhoon

typhoons are not that strong

sometimes
they behave like
critics, passing by an
island, saying, hey you
are not an island after 
all, you are just a hill
fit for a Bollywood
scene
2. Dramatic poetry is poetry in which one or
more characters speak.

•Each speaker always addresses a specific

listener. This listener may be silent (but
identifiable), or the listener may be another
character who speaks in reply.

•Usually the conflict that the speaker is

involved with is either intense or emotional.
Example:
Out-Out
by Robert Frost

Doing a man's work, though a child at heart 

He saw all spoiled. "Don't let him cut my hand off ”
The doctor, when he comes. “Don't let him, sister!"
So. But the hand was gone already.
3. Lyric poetry is poetry that expresses a
speaker’s personal thoughts and feelings.

• Lyric poems are usually short and musical.

• This broad category covers many poetic types

and styles, including haikus, sonnets, free verse
and many others.
 Haikus
• The traditional Japanese haiku is an unrhymed
poem that contains exactly 17 syllables,
arranged in 3 lines of 5, 7, 5 syllables each.
• However, when poems written in Japanese are
translated into another language, this pattern is
often lost.
• The purpose of a haiku is to capture a flash of
insight that occurs during a solitary
observation of nature.
 Examples of Haikus
Since morning glories
hold my well-bucket hostage
I beg for water
- Chiyo-ni
First autumn morning:
the mirror I stare into
shows my father’s face.
- Kijo Murakami
 Sonnets
• Background of Sonnets
– Form invented in Italy
– Most if not all of Shakespeare’s sonnets are about
love or a theme related to love.
– Sonnets are usually written in a series with each
sonnet a continuous subject to the next. (Sequels in
movies)
Structure of Sonnets
• Sonnets are usually written in iambic
pentameter.
FORMS:
1. Elizabethan or Shakespearean Sonnet
fourteen lines, made up of three quatrains
(stanzas of 4 lines each) and a final couplet
(two line stanza).
o The quatrains traditionally follow an abab
cdcd efef rhyme scheme, followed by a
rhyming couplet gg. (abab cdcd efef gg)
Example:
Sonnet 18
William Shakespeare
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date.
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimmed:
But thy eternal summer shall not fade
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,
Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade
When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
2. Italian or Petrarchan
• made up of fourteen lines with two sections:
OCTAVE – first 8 lines
rhyming pattern: abbaabba
SESTET – last 6 lines
rhyming pattern: flexible
How Do I Love Thee?
Elizabeth Barrett Browning

How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. 

I love thee to the depth and breadth and height 
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight 
For the ends of Being and ideal Grace. 
I love thee to the level of every day's 
Most quiet need, by sun and candlelight. 
I love thee freely, as men strive for Right; 
I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise. 
I love thee with a passion put to use 
In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith. 
I love thee with a love I seemed to lose 
With my lost saints, -- I love thee with the breath, 
Smiles, tears, of all my life! -- and, if God choose, 
I shall but love thee better after death. 
 Poetry that follows no rules. Just
about anything goes.
This does not mean that it uses no devices, it just means
that this
type of poetry does not follow traditional conventions such
as
punctuation, capitalization, rhyme scheme, rhythm and
meter, etc. Fog
The fog comes
on little cat feet.
No Rhyme
No Rhythm
It sits looking No Meter
over harbor and city
This is
on silent haunches free verse.
and then, moves on.
Any poetry that does have a set metrical
pattern (usually iambic pentameter), but
does not have rhyme,

The Ball Poem 

by 
John Berryman 

What is the boy now, who has lost his

ball, 
What, what is he to do? I saw it go 
Merrily bouncing, down the street, and
then 
Merrily over-there it is in the water!
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